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1400s
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Dias explored the southern coast of Africa and found a new route to reach the wealthy East Indies. Discovered Cape of Good Hope in South Africa
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The Portuguese were the first European inhabitants of the Cape of Good Hope because of Dias' exploration and support from King John II of Portugal.
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On Vasco De Gama's voyage to India via sailing around the south African coast, he discovered and named Natal coast, home of the KwaZulu(Zulu Nation).
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The first shipthat attempted to settle in South Africa wrecked on the shore. The people were rescued a yar later because they lost their materials to survive in the wreck
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Instalation of Slave Trade
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defeat Dutch at the battle of Muizenberg
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They leave Cape Colony and found many settlements including the Natalia Republic, the Orange Free State Republic and the Transvaal
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Boers rebel against British, ends 3/23/1881
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british win
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Call to action; need for ANC. Common goal of progress. Nations (black ethnic) set aside differences in order to achieve progress. "Peace, prosperity, and development of this land" Voice for all black South Africans.
Voice - "make their grievances properly known" Pixley Seme - Founder and president of the ANC. First black SA lawyer. Assume that he was active in the ANC. -
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John Dube - writer and activist; Native National Congress There were only small portions of land that black South Africans could live on. 10% of land for 80% of the population. Paying for what they used to own. Not even asking for complete equality; asking to live without being disturbed. Audience - British public.
TONE - APPEAL (versus demand)
Peaceful freedom (versus violence) Tone/attitude
Equity/fairness -
First major piece of segregation legislation that separated blacks from whites; precursor of Apartheid
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Ideologies included Apartheid, Afrikaner nationalism, conservatism, and republicanism
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Born in Mvezo, originally named Rolihlahla Mandela
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-> Johanesburg, South Africa
-> White female anti-apartheid activitst/journalist
-> foiled to Steve Biko
-> communist and jewish -
-> religious leader and anti-apartheid activist
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Grew up and educated in Cape Town
Afrikaans, but raised in an English speaking home -
-> dismissed the house of chiefs
-> created the department of women
-> significant fundraising -
-> after an increase in 1 rand in bus fair the ANC decreased the fair back to the original 4 rand
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Founders: Ashley Peter Mda, Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo
Strategies involved civil disobedience, strikes, and protests -
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-> investigate laws relating to non-whites and their socio-economic circumstances
-> fairness, equality -
-> Eastern Cape
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Discrimination towards Indians. Goal to keep a standing relationship.
Indians - "coloured" "coolie" To SA government from Indian government. Via the UN - more exposure. International involvement versus lack thereof. Apartheid was not viewed internationallly from the Western hemisphere. However, the east was heavily involved. Pakistan was also involved. -
Introduction of Apartheid Policy
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We Defy - 10,000 volunteers protest against unjust laws
Open to all volunteers regardless of "color, race, or creed"
White vs. white
Gandhi and non-violence
Opposing a system, not a government or group of people.
Referenced Suppression of Communism Act (1950) Political Alliances -
Investigative journalist (killed on te job).
Peaceful anti-Apartheid demonstrations.
Identity, freedom, and disenfranchisement.
South African ideal/culture.
Opposition to government/white authority.
People went to prison willingly and peacefully, but showed their independence through a cultural demonstration.
MUSIC - unity and independence. -
"Declaration of Independence for SA" - peaceful friendship for everyone, regardless of color. Designed by al Alliance - ANC, SA Indian Conference, SA Congress of Democrats, CPO, SA Council of Trade Unions
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Consider the role of women in the economy and in the struggle against Apartheid. Link to Invisible Man - potential link to white MAN entitlement. Double oppression.
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Link to US history SHIFT to armed struggle and resistance
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Mandela: "I have fought against white domination and I have fought against black domination"
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-> 117 days in prison under the 90-day detention law
-> first white woman under that law -
-> South African Students Organization(All black)
-> Steve Biko was the first president of SASO
-> Black consciousness -
Biko died 1977 Black Consciousness - pride, no reliance on whites
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-> protests against the apartheid
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Student Protest against Bantu Education
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-> Murdered in prison
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-> killed by a bomb in Mozambique while working at a university
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White, Indian, and Coloured branches of government
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Artists United Against the Aparheid Group
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The actual dance and the "freedom dance"
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Vote by whites
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Publication of the work by Niq Mhlongo
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Media coverage of tensions
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Leading up to democratic elections
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Additional tension (white radicals)
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Unsuccessful attempts by white radicals to deter black/all voters
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-> Dave born and raised in South Africa
-> fled country in 1980's
-> against the apartheid -
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
- Dignity (versus state of disgrace)
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New SA
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-> worldwide broadcasted interview
-> followed by 10-day homestay with Mandela in South Africa -
St. George's Cathedral: Friday morning eucharist w/retired Archbishop Desmond Tutu