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On April 6, 1652, Jan van Riebeeck arrived on behalf of the Dutch East India Company to establish the first permanent European settlement at the Cape of Good Hope.
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As the small but growing Afrikaner population spread steadily northward and eastward, they encoutered more and more Bantu-speaking peoples. Sometimes friendly and sometimes violent
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In 1806, the British took over the Dutch East India Company, which had become bankrupt, and assumed control of the Cape Colony in South Africa
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Weaker groups were driven off or killed entirely. Groups expanded and consolidated rapidly, and several powerful African military leaders emerged during the time period.
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In 1811, Boer settlers reached eastern South Africa, with the assistance of British troops. They burned Xhosa homesteads and grazing lands.
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In 1820 the first large group of English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish sttlers arrived.
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From about 1836 to 1850 thousands of Afrikaners migrated north out of what was now the British Cape Colony
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One battle betwwen the Zulu and Afrikaners later came to symbolize the Afrikaner movement. they used this to claim that God favored them.
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From 1860 through 1866, six thousand Indians arrived in Natal as indentured servants, marking the beginning of what became a permanent and highly influence Indian community in South Africa
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Afrikaner prespectors discovered the first of several huge diamond deposits. Marked the beginning of economic changes
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Gandhi came to South Africa in 1893 to accept a position in an Idian law firm.
formed SAIC -
a war between British and Afrikaners because Britain demanded political reform in the Afrikaner republic of Transvaal to weaken the economic control of Afrikaners
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In 1910 the British colonies and Afrikaner Republics joined together as the Union of South Africa
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In 1912 several hundred conservative African men formed the African National Congress to organize Africans and oppose discrimination through petitions and appeals to Great Britain
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the first piece of major legislation creating seperate areas for Europeans and Africans
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ANC organized a major nonviolent demonstration against the passbooks that blacks had to carry with them at alltimes
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the government repealed the limited voting rights some Africans had, adn installed three white representatives to speak for all blacks.
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in 1944 young radicals within the African National Congress founded the Congress Youth League
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brought conservative Afrikaners to political power
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interacial marriage is prohibited
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created racial claasifuation
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divide the country into three zones
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banned any resistance to apartheid policies
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The ANC and SAIC, along with the Franchise Action Council lauched Defiance Campaign to call for an end to apartheid
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increased the amount of information required on passbooks
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instituted high fines and up to three years in prison or flogging for violation of any law in protest aganist government
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provided the framework for the government to declare states of emergency
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in 1954 the ANC took the lead in forming Congress Alliance to take the campaign aganist apartheid a step further
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the Congress of the People adopts the Freedom Charter
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In 1956, police arrested 156 people on charges of high treason. Treason Trial included poeple of all races
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The Alexandra bus boycott demonstreated the power of the people united together against the system
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Pan Africanist Congress established
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In an attempt tp slow the building oppositon.
this established eight black homelands, one for each of these trial groups -
police opened fire to protesters
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On March 28th, Chief Albert Luthuli, the president of the ANC, called for a day of mourning and the start of stay-at-home campaign. bring business and industry virtually to a standstill
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the government mounted a huge military mobilization to try to intimidate African workers from joining the campaign
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In 1961, ANC and PAC establish armed wings (MK and Poqo)
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In December 1961 the president of the ANC, Chief Albert Luthuli accepted the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent struggle against apartheid
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gave the government power to arrest anyone it believed threatened the security of the country.
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allowed the government to detain people without charges or trials for up to ninety days
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UN security Council urged the South African government to grant amnesty to the defendants, and considered the use of sanctions against South Africa to push the country to dismantle the apartheid system
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Nine leaders of the ANC were tried in the Rivonia Trial
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Soweto students staged a massive demonstration against Afrikaans instruction
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The leader of the Black Conciousness Movement was killed in prison
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the government declared a State of Emergency in 1985 as violence increased
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F.W. de Klerk became a new African president
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de Klerk released nelson Mandela from prison
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In 1993 the Nobel Peace Prize was jointly awarded to Mandela and de Klerk for their parts in ending apartheid
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New voting rights allowed blacks, coloured, Asians, and whites to cast ballots together for the first time
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Nelson Mandela was elected president
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Truth and Reconciliation Commission began to hear cases
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In 2003, then-President Thabo Mbeki announced that over nineteen thousand families who had testified before the TRC would receive reparations payments
