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- time when Yamato clans were supreme
- capital at Nara and then moved to Heian
- buhddism has extreme influence
- sinofication (alot of Chineese influence)
- main religion was Shintoism
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- establishment of the Eastern Orthodox Church
- Constantinople became its capital and it was a major trade hub
- spread the empire into Russia
- hellenism significantly influenced the empire.
- centralized control over politics, society, and economics.
- emperor was the political and religious head
- priest could marry and at times there were no icons
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- Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who reconquered much of the territory previously ruled by Rome
- He was an ambitious person; and wanted to recapture "Old Rome."
- He never achieved his goal, but he initiated an ambitious building program; established the Hagia Sophia; and created a new legal code.
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- India fell into regional kindoms once again from 550-1279
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- tribal states (no centralized government)
- regional germanic tribes ruled regional kingdoms
- decline in education and literacy
- beginnings of manoralism (farmers fled to large landowners who provided protection)
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- Islam is a major world religion based on the teachings of Muhammad. It originated in the Arabian Peninsula and it literally means "submission."
- The Hijra was Muhammads emigration from Mecca to Medina in order to escape persecution from the Ummayad's. It also marked the beggining of Islam.
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- The Islamic Caliphate is an Islamic state ruled by a supreme religious and political leader known as a Caliph.
- The Islamic Caliphate dominated politically, culturally, economically, and technologically into the 13th century.
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- they protected landlords from tax collectors
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- mirrored Tang with self-sinofication (contagious diffusion)
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- The Umayyad Caliphate emphasized Arabic ethnicity, and they allowed people of the book to have freedom of worship.
- Its capital was in Damascus, Syria.
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- bueracracy with king
- gold was maine source of revenue
- king had absolute power
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- nomadic peoples who came into central Mexico in the 8th century
- warlike, nomadic, and had human sacrifice
- Tula was their capital
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- This battle ended the Muslim attack on Western Europe.
- This facilitated the growth of Christianity and stopped the spread of Islam.
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- rose to power after the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate.
- begans Islam's golden age.
- trade increased, innovation increased, and territory increased
- capital in Baghdad
- Persian influence rampid
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- a reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of Northern Africa; later the almoravids; penetrated Islam into sub-Saharan Africa.
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- from 1,000 forward Western Europeans attempted to prove God's existence through the logical exposition of philosophy and theology.
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- the first novel of the world (from Japan)
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- In 1054 a medieval divsion within Christianity into Eastern and Western branches.
- The West represented the Roman Catholic Church and the East represented the Eastern Orthodox Church.
- It occured because of ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes
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- in 1066 William the Conqueror ivaded England from Normandy in 1066
- after that he exteded a tight fuedal system to England and he established an administrative system based on sheriffs
- he also established a centralized fuedal monarchy.
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-In this battle the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantine Empire and captured their emperor (Romanos IV Diogenes).
- The battle ended Byzantine superiority and ushered turkification of the region. -
- Pope Urban II called upon his people to engage in the first crusade to take back the holy land (Jerusalem) from the Islamic Caliphate.
- The Crusades were a failure as Western Europe wasn't as sophisticated as the Middle East at this time.
- However, the crusades increased contact between Western Europe and the Middle East; and Western Europe benefitted.
- Western Europe was exposed to new ideas (Eastern Medicine) and became obsessed with some of the luxury items of the Middle Eastern culture.
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- economy based on trade (gold)
- merchants known as juula
- auotacracy with a king in place for their type of government
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- war faught between the Minamoto family and the Taira family
- Minamoto was victorious
- established bakufu (military government)
- marked a shift in power from the emperor to the rise in power of the samurai
- fuedalism at its height in Japan
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- A string of islamicized African ports tied to the trade across the Indian ocean dotted the East African coast
- Although these cities were Islamicized, African customs and the Bantu Swahili language remained so strong that they represented a cultural fusion, mosly limited to the coast.
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- motivated by Venice merchants in Italy
- weakened Byzantine empire
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- established bureaucracy headed by the sultan who was aided by the prime minister and prvincial governors
- held off the Mongols until Timur or Tamerlane in 1398 and took Delhi
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- united Mongolian empire for 1st time in its history
- created one of the most feared empires in world history
- started military expansion with cavalry units divided into units called tumens
- tolerated many beliefs and promoted a legal code to end infighting among clans and brought piece to much of Asia
- linked the major empires together and facilitated trade
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- Great charter issued by King John of England; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations betweeen rulers and feudal aristocracy.
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- the Russian aristocracy could not fight off the Mongols (known as the tatars) and the mongols took over Russia. In Russia the Mongols established the Golden Horde Khanate under Batu Khan
- this isolated Russia from the changes in Europe
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- created social organization for Mali (clans)
- was Mali's most notable ruler
- fomalized govenment and created a permanent army
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- established empire in Egypt and Syria
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- The siege of Baghdad entailed the investment, capture, and sacking of Baghdad (the capital of the Abassid Calaphate) by Ilkhanate Mongol forces under the leader Hulagu Khan.
- It marked the end of the great Islamic Empire that was dominant a dominant force in Europe since its origin.
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-defeated the Mongols in 1260.
- marks the fall of the Mongols. -
- Marco Polo's journey from Europe to Asia is important because it opended up Western Europe to a whole new world.
- For Instance, his journey gave Europe proved vital to European understanding of geographics and aided maps used by explorers of the future (Christopher Columbus)
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- created by Kublai Khan
- new capital built at Tatu
- made sure that the Chineese were seperated from the Mongolian population
- Changed the social structure (elevated the status of merchants and made ethnic Chineese the bottom social class)
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- saved Europe from the Mongolian onslaught
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- Sunni Ali founded the Songhai Empire and he was their most notable leader.
- villiage and clans were the primary means of organization
- Islam proved to be the universal faith
- capital at Gao on the Niger River
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- Mansa Musa was an extremely wealthy and influentual ruler of Mali, one of the sudanic states of the Saharra Grasslands in Africa.
- His widely lavish and expensive pilgrimage brought Africa into greater contact with some of the worlds super powers (Islamic Caliphate and China), and showed off the exponential amount of wealth and potential of Africa.
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- Ibn Battuta traveled to most of the Islamic World, Northern Africa, and Eastern and Western Europe.
- He is significant because he documented and recorded alll of his travels providing hisorians with information on civilizations that would never have been introduced or discovered without his documents.
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- all power in hands of the military
- destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority
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- engaged in intense expansionalism and was one of the most brutal leaders of all time
- he nearly conquered as much territory as the Mongolian empire
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- Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453
- fought over lands England pssessed in France and feudal rights verses the emerging claims of national states.
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- migrated to Lake Texcoco -warlike and savage (human sacrifice)
- engaged in trade
- highly valued merchant class
- highly stratified society
- tributary system
- engaged in expansionalism
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- The bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease, commonly spread from disease, that rapidly spread through Europe and eliminated nearly 1/3 of their population.
- The massive epidemic hindered Europe's development as alot of the workers supplementing the economy died off.
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- started by a peasant by the name of Zhu Yuanzhang
- at first engaged in economic expansionalism engaging in trade-sponsored expiditions
- eventually withdrew and decided to stick to internal affairs
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- the Mongols invaded Russia isolating the country and lead to the rise of serfdom
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- center of the Gold trade
- located between Mozambique and Zimbabwe
- built by the Shona peoples
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- Constantinople was sacked during the fourth crusade and this date marks the rise of the Seljuks.
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- The end of Zheng He's Voyages are significant because they demonstrate China's withdraw from the world economy.
- China had the oppetunity to be a world leader, but the country opted to focus on internal affairs; and missed out on its oppertunity to be the worlds leader.
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- divided into clans
- capital at Cuzco
- tributary system
- very expansionistic
- main god was Inti
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- warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states.
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- Began China's golden age
- expanded Chineese authority and established tributary states (korea and tibet)
- revived the Confucian-Scholar gentry class which facilitated their bureacracy.
- Confucianism became popular again
- trade increased (Junks) and South became a part of the economy (grand canal) as a rice growing region supplying food to China.
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- Constantinople is the center of the empire (trade hub)
- huge army and navy (military recruits were rewarded with land grants).
- bueracracy with mainly aristocrats
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- Smaller in extent than the Tang Dynasty and was forced to pay tribute to settled invaders in the North.
- Promoted the scholar gentry facilitating a strong bueracracy.
- Part of China's golden age of history.
- In this time period, the compass; abacus; and movable type were invented.
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- captured Baghdad in 945 C.E.
- abbasid caliphs became figure heads with Buyids in control.
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- Post classical Western Europe was hard hit by the Roman collapse
- However, after 900, agriculture and trade revived, while political devlopment advanced under the influence of feudalism and the Catholic Church.
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-Rurik founded the tsardom in Kiev/Novgorod in 855
- Early Slavs were Varangians (Swedish Viking traders) -
- Cyril and Methdoius introduced Christianity and the Cyrillic alphabet to Russia.
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- significant becasue he forced a large amount of the population of Russia to become Christian and Christianity became the central religion of Russia
- he embraced othodox christianity over Roman Catholicism
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-used swift ships to invade
- caused British kings to unite -
-led to the "reconquista" of Spain from the Muslims
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-capatol at Kyoto (Heian)
- aristocratic families gain power
- Fujiwara clan had real power
- bushi (warriors) and samarai came about
- Taira and Minamoto clans began to take power -
- Charles the Great or Chalemagne built a substantial empire in France and germany around 800.
- he restored some church-based education in Western Europe and the level of intelectual activity gradually resored
- upon his death his empire split into regional monarachies.
- this marked the beggining of the Holy Roman Emperors
