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One of the two main powers in Western Asia. Played important role in mediaval art.
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Civilization with only fully developed written language and advancements in math, art, and architecture. Declined around 900.
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Capital of Byzantine Empire. Changes to Istanbul when Turks take over.
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Also known as Eastern Roman Empire. Capital at Constantinople. One of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe.
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Capital of Ghana established
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Islam religion founded by Mohammed
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Split of Islam into Sunnis and Shi'ites because of a disagreement on who the next leader will be,
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One of the world's largest empires.
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Islam religion introduced to Spain.
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Overthrow of Umayyad caliphate and establishment of Abbasid Caliphate.
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Seljuk Turks (turkish tribe of central asia) took over most of Eastern and Central Anatolia.
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Crusades: relegiously-sanctioned military campagins. Roman Catholic forces VS. Muslims
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Saladin: Sultan of Egypt and Syria.
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Mali transitions into Songhai,
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Advanced architecture and complex art. Declined and became extinct after arrival of Spanish conquistadores.
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Mongols Conquered: Iran, Iraq, Syria, parts of Turkey, China, Korea, Japan, Russia, Siberia, Ukraine, Belarus, Cilicia, Anatolia, Georgia, Armenia, Persia, Iraq,and Central Asia
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United nomadic tribes of northeast Asia, Founded Mongol Empire.
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Made up of five dynasties: Mughal, Mamluk, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi
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Charter demanding that the King of England grant liberties to subjects
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Regime made up of mamluks (turkish soldier of slave origin) who ruled Egypt.
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Period of cultural rebirth and development
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Mansa Musa (leader of Mali) makes Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca.
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Timur: Founded Timurid Empire and Timurid Dynasty. Grandfather of Mughal Empire founder.
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Series of wars for the French throne
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Constructed vast navy and army. Orderly government and social stability. Restored Grand Canal and Great Wall. Built Forbidden City.
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Large voyages sponsored by Chinese gov. to gain more wealth and tributaries for China.
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Explorers navigated Cape Bojandor and explored the African coast.
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Empire with its capital at Teotihuacan. Fell after arrival of Hernan Cortes.
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Johannes Gutenberg, a German goldsmith, invented modern movable type and introduced modern book printing.
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Also known as Ivan the Great. Grand prince of Moscow
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Columbus discovers American Continents.
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Exchange of animals, plants, culture, humans, diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres
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Explored coast of Africa and India.
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Ruling dynasty of Iran.
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Sailed to the new world, explored South America, explored Ecuadorian Coast, conquered Peru
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Rose to power in Kabul(Afghanistan) and built an army that conquered areas around Afghanistan.
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Participated in conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba, Defeated the Aztecs.
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Revolution led by Martin Luther against the corrupt Catholic Church.
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Magellan leads fist expedition to sail around the earth.
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Ruled most of India during the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Period of new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences.
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Mateo Ricci: One of the founders of the Jesuit China Mission.
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Mathematician and sastronomer. Proponent of the Copernican Theory. Persecuted by the Roman Church
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A feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns(military) of the Tokugawa family. Abolished during Meiji Restoration
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Virginia, Massachussetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Rhode Island, Connecticutt, North Carolina, Delaware, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Georgia
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Dynasty founded by the Manchu and highly integrated with Chinese culture.
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Also known as the Age of Reason. A period of time when people started thinking about the importance of reasoning.
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Russian tsar who modernized and expanded Russia
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Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology were made during this time period.
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War between Britain and France. Evolved into the 7 years war. Resulted in Treaty of Paris.
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Had a successful foreign policy, strengthened and made Russia a world power.
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An improvement on the Newcomen engine, more fuel efficient and faster.
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The Spinning-Jenny was a machine that used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun from a corresponding set of rovings.
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Water frame, a machine which was the first powered, automatic, and continuous textile machine, was invented by Richard Arkwright.
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Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette were married in 1770. The marriage caused conflicts because Marie Antoinette was an unwelcome foreigner.
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Revolution against Britain ruling the New World without representation.
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Declrataion approved by the French National Assembly which stated the people's rights.
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Social and political conflict within France against the monarchy.
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A group of angry people stormed the Bastille, which was a fortress and a symbol of royal French authority.
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Conflict within the French colony of Saint-Domingue. Resulted in liberation of slaves, but didn't result in lasting independence.
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A machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber.
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Napoleon became the ruler of France in 1804. After taking over the government, he began a series of wars/conquests called the Napoleonic Wars, in which he conquered much of Europe.
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Britain passed an act that abolished the slave trade in the British Empire.
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The telegraph revolutionarized communication by making long-distance communication faster and easier.
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Mpvement led by Mexicans to gain independence from colonial Spain.
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Conference of European ambassadors about ways to settle the issues resulting from the Napoleonic Wars, French Revolution, and dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
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A battle in which the army led by Napoleon was defeated. End of Napoleon's rule.
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A series of political conflicts caused by Brazilians wanting independence from Portugal.
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Greek rebellion against Ottoman rule brings Greek Independence
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Pwerful Ottoman army destroyed after they tried to rebel against Sultan Mahmud II.
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An eastward and north-eastward migration odf Boers away from British control in the Cape Colony.
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The Royal Navu worked to stop the Atlantic slave trade by shutting down endports from which slaves were shipped.
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Austria, Germany, Hungary, and Italy had revolutions during this year. Characterized by large assemblies and demonstrations. Democracy, liberalism, nationalism, and socialism gained popularity.
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Period of time characterized by European imperialists taking over/dividing up Africa.
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Cilil war in Southern China. One of the bloodiest civil wars in all of history.
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Caused by Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan
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Matthew C. Perry negotiated with Japan and obtained opening of two Japanese ports for trade and a Japanese agreement to be friendly with Americans.
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Mutiny of native troops in India against the British.
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Also known as peasant reformof 1861. Serfs were liberated from serfdom.
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A chain of events that restored imperial rule to Japan. Change from feudal society to capitalist economy.
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The Suez Canal allows ships to sail directly between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.
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Concept of trade where a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come.Reached consideration from a lecture by American businessman William B. Weeden.
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A nationalist uprising that took place in response to European "spheres of influence" in China.
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Congress founded for the purpose of increasing the rights of South Africans.
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The Qing Dynasty was overthrown after the Xinhai Revolution, when the Empress Dowager Longyu abdicated.
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An intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended World War I. First permanent international security organization founded for the purpose of keeping world peace. Precursor to UN.
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Major world conflict between the Allies and the Central Powers, which started with the assasination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria.
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Ship canal in Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
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The Czarist autocracy is destroyed and the Soviet Union comes to power.
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The Fourteen Points: a speech delivered by President Woodrow Wilson to a session of Congress to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause.
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Religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics
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Hitler's rise to power began in Germany after he joined a political party that lately turned into the Nazi Party.
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Treaty that ended World War 1 and put great limitations on what Germany could do.
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Leader of the Indian National Congress during the Indian Independence Movement. A lawyer and an advocate for nonviolence and the power of mass civil resistence.
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Civil war between the Communists (led by Mao Zedong) and the Nationalists (led by Chiang Kai-Shek).
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A series of plans to improve Russia through collectivization and industrialization.
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Severe worldiwde economic depression.
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Began with the invasion of Poland by Germany and Slovakia,. New types of warfare were introduced. Allies (U.S, Soviet Union, France, Poland, others) vs. Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, Italy, Hungary, others).
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An intense competition between the Communist world (mainly the Soviet Union) and the Western world (mainly the U.S) over which country had the best technology.
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President of Argenitna on three different occasion. Husband of Eva Peron, or Evita, who was a very influential and charismatic woman.
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Colonialism in India is over. India becomes an independent nation under the rule of Nehru.
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Pakistan split from India and became its own predominantly Muslim nation.
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An alliance of countries under the North Atlantic Treaty. An organization that uses diplomacy and/or military interventions to solve disputes between countries.
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Also called Mao Zedong Thought. Widely applied as the political and military guiding ideology in the Communist Party of China (CPC).
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A war between North Korea (supported by China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (supported by UN)
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An economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China which aimed to use China's large population to quickly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of agriculturalization, industrialization, and collectivization.
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A mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight communist states in Eastern Europe.
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A conflict between U.S-Supported South Vietnam against Communist North Vietnam. After much fighting and many casualites from both the U.S and Vietnam, the South surrendered and Viernam was reunited. Highly unpopular war in the U.S.
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An unsuccessful CIA Invasion supported by the U.S in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro.
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A wall which split Berlin into East Berlin (soviet) and West Berlin (fascist), not allowing people from either side to cross over.
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Fear in the United States as a result of the Soviet Union setting up missiles in Cuba. The closest the world came to the Nuclear War.
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Aswan Dam: A dam situated across the Nile River.
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A treaty signed by many countries that agreed to relaxation of international tensions, recognized all European borders as inviolable, and agreed to refrain from interfering in other nations' internal affairs.
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Revolution to replace Iran's monarchy with an Islamic Republic ruled by the leader of the revolution.
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A territorial conflict between Iran and Iraq over border limits and control of the Shatt al Arab waterway, which empties into the Persian Gulf.
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A series of nonviolent protests at Tiananmen Square in Beijing by students who were against the current regime and wanted to promote liberalization. Armed forces fired on the unarmed protesters, killing numerous people.
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The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), and Berlin reunited into a single city.
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Dissolution of the USSR caused by the weakening of political and economic structure of the Soviet government.
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First South-African president to be elected in a fully- representative democratical election.
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A series of terrorist suicide-attacks on the United States caused by Al-Qaeda.
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King of Franks. Emperor of Roman Empire
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The Holy Roman Empire was established with Charlemagne as first ruler
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Sui Dynasty founded by emperor Wen unifies Northern and Southern China
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Founded by Li family. Golden age of cosmopolitan culture, progress, and stability.
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First government to issue paper money and establish a navy. Discovered gunpowder and used compass to discover true north.
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Ghana crumbles; Mali period mainly ruled by Muslims.
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Founded by East Slavic Tribes and Scandinavian warriors.
