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Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
Van Helden, Albert ''Galileo Galilei'' http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224058/Galileo/8441/Galileos-Copernicanism#ref
Scientific book on the nature of the Universe written by Galileo Galilei in 1632, it will later be placed on the index of forbidden books by religious authorities. Its significance arise from the fact that it was a major work of science within the scientific revolution that challenged the traditional ecclesiastic views of the world in favor of a scientific methodology. -
Peace of Westphalia
After two years of drafting, the Treaty of Munster as well as two expansionary treaties are signed by the end of October 1648, bringing to an end the Thirty Years War and the Eighty Years War.
Barth, Volker: International Organisations and Congresses, in: European History Online (EGO)
Theme: International Relations and the State System -
Religious Freedom: Edict of Fointainebleau, France.
Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau is a prime example of a ruler using religious intolerance a means of control. It states that all religious minorities were persecuted, including Protestants, and Jansenists. This edict was an attempt to maintain absolute control in France, and limit the power of religious minorities.
French Government. “Edit de Fontainebleau 1598.” Government document. http://robelia43.pagesperso-orange.fr/html/revocation.html. (Accessed April 2, 2015) -
Religious Freedom: Declaration of Indulgence, England.
Promulgated by James II in England, this declaration declares the right for non-Protestants to practice their religion without persecution. This declaration was overruled a few years later, when the throne was overrun by the Dutch King William, much to the content of the English population.
British Government. “Declaration of Indulgence 1687.” Government Document. http://www.jacobite.ca/documents/16870404.htm. (Accessed April 2, 2015) -
Two Treatises of Government
Locke, John. ''Two Treatises of Government'' http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/locke/government.pdf
Political philosophy work written by John Locke during the Enlightenment and published in England in 1689. Its relevance comes from the novel ideas of total freedom and the right of every individual to own private property argued by John Locke and other philosophes of the Enlightenment. -
Medal commemorating Laura Maria Caterina Bassi, Italy, 1732
This bronze medal, created in 1732 Italy, was formed to commemorate the accomplishments of Laura Bassi as the second woman in Europe to receive a university degree. The other side of the medal portrays Bassi as Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom, the arts and professionals.The medallion exemplifies her importance as a role model to the people of Italy. Solidifying her achievements on a medallion increases her influence as an advocate for education. For women across Europe, the achievement -
Period: to
Klemens von Metternich
Austrian diplomat Klemens von Metternich is born in may of 1773. He will become one of the greatest statesmen of modern times. Theme: International Relations and the State System "METTERNICH-WINNEBURG, CLEMENS WENZEL LOTHAR." In The Encyclopdia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. Vol. 18. New York: Encyclopdia Britannica, 1911. -
Period: to
French Revolution
Marked here as begining with the Storming of the Bastille during the Summer of 1789 and ending with Napoleon's coup on 18 Brumaire of year VIII on the French Republican Calendar, many consider the French Revolution a far more expansive process. Theme: International Relations and the State System. Prise De La Bastille Par Les Bourgeois Et Les Braves Gardes Françaises De La Bonne Ville De Paris, Le 14 Juillet 1789 Dédiée À La Nation... 1789. http://frda.stanford.edu/en/catalog/cg487xr6654 -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Encyclopædia Britannica. ''Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen'' http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/503563/Declaration-of-the-Rights-of-Man-and-of-
Written in part by Honoré Maribaud and other French revolutionaries and adopted by France's National Constituent Assemble it will later on serve as a basis for the French constitution. The relevance of this piece is depicted by its perfect representation that it provide of the French Revolution values, requests, and philosophy. -
Religious Freedom: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, France.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen states that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” . Furthermore, it dictates that no citizen of France can be “persecuted for his or her opinion, including those concerning religion” .
French Government. “Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen.” Government Document. http://fineartamerica.com/featured/declaration-of-the-rights-of-man-and-citizen-french-school.html. (Accessed April 6, 2015). -
Declaration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne, 1791
This document is a segment of Olympe de Gouges’ Declaration of women and Citizen’s Rights, which was published in 1791 France. Within a portion of the document, she defined nation as ‘the union between Woman and Man’, thus suggesting that men should not be free unless women were granted the same rights. Essentially, this document exposed the failure of the government to meet the demands of their people, which had been to attain equality for all individuals. -
Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792
This document provides a front cover view of Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Woman, published in 1792 England. She advocated for women’s rights to vote and to hold positions of power in the electoral assembly. She argues that one’s gender does not determine their position in society, but rather that the limited education available to women as well as their sheltered upbringing limited their potential from thriving in the public sphere. -
L'Assemblée Nationale or Grand co-operative meeting at St. Ann's Hill
The British Museum. ''L'Assemblée Nationale; - or - Grand co-operative meeting at St. Ann's Hill'' http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1632
This piece was drawn in Britain in 1804 by James Gillray a well-known satirical political caricaturist.
Height: 334 millimetres / Width: 464 millimetres
It represents the leeway given to artist such as James Gillray that could represents his critique of politicians in caricatures open to the public. -
La Voix Des Femmes, 1848
This document displays the heading of the newspaper Voix Des Femmes, founded Eugenie Niboyet in 1848.This segment of the newspaper enables one to view the tone and purpose behind Niboyet’s activism. Its subtitle highlights that the paper’s content was written on behalf of the interest of everyone, an audience composed of both men and women.These newspapers enabled women to extend their voices to mass populations, thus putting the government under more pressure to revise their patriarchal system. -
Religious Freedom: The Basic Rights of the German People, Germany.
United Germany used the Basic Rights of the German People as a governing document. It proclaimed the equality of every German, which entailed freedom of speech, assembly and religion. It also afforded the Jewish population in Germany legal rights for the first time.
German Government. “Die Grundrechte des Deutschen Volkes 1848.” Gouvernent Document. http://hdg.de/lemo/objekte/pict/Nachkriegsjahre_druckGrundrechteDesdeutschenVolkes/index.html. (Accessed April 6, 2015). -
On Liberty
John Stuart Mill ''On Liberty'' http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3
On Liberty was written by the notorious liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill and published in 1859 in the United Kingdom. In this work, John Stuart Mill argues in favor of more fredom of speech and restrictions to state authority as well as the freedom of thought. Its significance lies in the fact that it revolutionized the debate over the liberty of the individuals to such extent that his proposition are still studied today. -
Suffragettes in Prison, 1909
This document was presented by the Women's Social and Poilitical Union in 1909. The document describes a case of uconvicted women who were emprisoned on December 20th, 1909. A detailed description of tthe violence they underwent while in prison is presented below. Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Union in 1903. It was one of the several movements that become more militant in their activism, some of the protests involved violent actions that led to their confinement. -
Sykes-Picot Agreement
Negoatiations are made in secret between France, Britain, and Russia, concerning their influence in the Arab world in the event that they emerge victorious from the Great War.
Kloke, Martin. The Development of Zionism Until the Founding of the State of Israel. September 07, 2011.
Theme: International Relations and the State System -
Russian Revolution Begins
The date marked is that when Russian Tsar Nicholas II abdicated during the February Revolution in the early days of the Russian Revolution.
Trotsky, Léon. The War and the International 1915
Theme: International Relations and the State System -
Enfranchisement of Women, 1927 Ireland
In this document from 1927, Lady Astor, the first woman to take a seat in parliament, enlightens her audience of the grateful positions women occupy in the political domain. She highlights the ignorance of some men who still place themselves in positions of the Lord instead of calling on the Lord when women ask for equal rights and justice. She asks for the promise of equality between men and women be carried out, which was done so in 1928 through the Equal Enfranchise Act. -
Religious Freedom: The Spanish Republic's Constitution, Spain.
Contrary to the majority of policies on religion in Europe at the time, the Spanish Constitution focused on limiting the power of religion altogether as opposed to one religion in particular. It limited property acquisition of the Church, and separated religion and education completely.
Spanish Government. “Constitucion de la Republica Espanola 1931.” Government Document. http://www.thirdyearabroad.com/home/item/1144-madrid-law-barrister-tyagp306.html. (Accessed April 6, 2015). -
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (German Nazi party)
BBC. ''Nazi Propaganda'' http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery_01.shtml
This poster was used in the 1932 election campaign as an advertisement for the popular Nazi party. It is an example among many other of the ability of the fascist nazi movement to use propaganda. Its importance in history is significant by the fact that after 1932 Adolf Hitler will take the power over Germany and provoke the European powers to fight the Second World War. -
Religious Freedom: Nuremberg Laws, Germany.
The Nuremberg laws in Germnay stripped the Jewish population of all of their rights. This was a clear infringement on religious freedom, considering that the Jewish peoples were persecuted on account of their religious heritage.
German Government. “Nuremberg Laws 1935.” Government Document. http://9benglish2013.weebly.com. (Accessed April 6, 2015). -
The Twenty Years' Crisis: 1919–1939
E. H. Carr publishes his foundational work on the eve of the Second World War, explaining how traditional enlightened diplomacy has lead to crisis.
Bull, Hedley. "The Twenty Years' Crisis Thirty Years On." International Journal 24, no. 4 (1969)
Theme: International Relations and the State System.
