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Book on how to art--changed perspective of generation of artists
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Completed Il Duomo after construction began in 1296
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Ottomans enter into Europe
People fled w/stuff from Roman Empire-->sparked Renaissance -
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Savonarola burned books, jewelry and other luxury goods
Savonarola ended up being burned at the stake -
Attempts to depict perfect beauty
Example of classicism -
Unification of Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella)
Columbus
Expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain -
French v Empire
Dispute started when Charles VII invades Italy -
Example of High Renaissance art
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One point perspective
Painting famous people in--shows move away from religion as center focus of art -
95 complaints about the Roman Catholic Church
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Ends up inheriting Spain, Hapsburg, Burgundy, the Empire, and New World
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Charles V summons Luther to recant--Luther doesn't
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Charles V social problems
Peasants attempted to apply New Testament teaching in practices in their communities
Protestants fought back and crushed them -
End of Renaissance
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Lutherans and Zwinglians agree on most issue but communions
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First political science book
"Lion and a fox" -
In order to get divorced from Catherine needed to split from church
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Anabaptists take over German city
Big fear of Catholic and Luther--common cause
-taints view of radicals--makes them seem violent -
Popular uprising against Henry VIII split from chruch
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Systematized Reformed idea
Key ideas: sola scriptura, predestination -
Idea that the sun, not the earth was center of universe, used math to support hypothesis, challenging to traditional hierarchy of disciplines, destroyed Aristotelian physics
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Anglican prayer book
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Most important: scientific method (Bacon and Decartes), led to skepticism
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Charles V made peace with Protestant states
Must choose between Lutherism and Catholicism -
Ended the Habsburg-Valois War
Win for Spain but let French off the hook -
Generally two sides: Guise (led Catholic in North) and Bourbon (led Hugenots in South)
War of 3 Henri's--3 way civil war in France -
Catholic Reformation
Like Constitutional Convention
Main Goals: (1) reform the Church (accomplished) (2) clarify despited doctrine--make on Catholic Bible, and condemn heresy -
Protestants take over, abolish all the fun stuff like dancing, church and state-John Calvin
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25,000 dead but Henri of Navare escapes ("turns Catholic")
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Led by Holland--declared independence from Spain
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Elizabeth I support of Dutch revolutions against occupation and pirates against Spain
Phillip as a result tried to assassinate Elizabeth
Fleet sent by Phillip II against England as religious crusade against Protestantism--English and weather defeated it -
Granted religious rights to Hugenots--not for all
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Catholic reformation and absolute monarchs, a lot of gold and details, attempt to overwhelm the senses, painting were dramatic with dark contrast
Dutch: opposite of Baroque, simplistic and daily life -
Problems faced: large royal debt, wasn't English--didn't understand English customs, believed in divine right of kings, pro-Catholic sympathies, clashed w/Parliament
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Mostly the Schmalkaldic League
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In defense to Protestant Union: protect Catholic interest
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Threw Catholic tax collectors out of the window
Led to full scale revolt against Church and Habsburgs -
Bohemian Phase (1618-1622)
Danish Phase (1622-1630)
Swedish Phase (1630-1635)
French Phase (1635-1648) -
Catholic League wins decisive battle in 1620
Won back Bohemia--crushing Protestant uprisings, boosted Catholic confidence to get rid of Protestants completely -
Like his father (James I), pro-ceremonies and rituals, uniformity of church services imposed by church court--like Philip, seen as too pro-Catholic by Puritans
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In return for money, Charles I agrees to: no imprisonment w/out cause and other deals similar to Bill of Right, as soon as he got his money, ripped up and dissolves congress
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Attempt to undo Reformation:
Returned much land to Catholicism, allowed Lutheranism to survive in limited form, rulers get to pick religion of land (Catholic or Catholic) -
Wallenstein (Catholic) wins--Adolphus (Protestant) dies (loss King and military leader), establishes Wallenstein as very dangerous, violent and disloyal
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Philosophy: tabula rasa, free will, social contract (not permanent--government's only job to protect natural rights)
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Seen as too dangerous, violent and disloyal
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Medieval tax for costal cities for defense, Charles applied them to inland counties as well (executive order), makes sense but did it to get around Parliament--didn't need to call Parliament into session
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13 April to 5 May 1640, Charles I tried to get more money--only lasted 3 weeks, they demanded protection
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In session from 1640-1660, passed triennial act (Parliament must be called every 3 years)--can't be adjourned w/out its own consent, Star Chamber and High Commission abolished--> Charles enters House of Commons to end session and arrest 5 people--proved unsuccessful
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The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of England's government
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Led by Oliver Cromwell, army to beat royalists, arrests all parliamentary members who opposed them--leaving Rump Parliament, all of the radicals
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Politics: German princes are free from control, 360 separate states, United Province (Dutch) independence, French wins territories, Sweden wins territory and seat on diet, Switzerland independence, Brandenburg
Religion: add Calvinism to Peace of Augsberg -
Mazarin's struggles to increase royal revenue to meet costs of war led to uprisings, civil order completely broke, violence significant later
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"between kings"-The Common Wealth (1649-1653), The Protectorate (1654-1660)--abolishes parliament to make military dictatorship (like Napoleon)
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King Charles II--not horrible, welcomed guest by Louis XIX, had charm, poise and political skills--restored fun stuff, favored religious tolerance-takes bribes from Louis XIV
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Major military power, made money through shipping (thanks to geography had great access to water), modern financial system
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Idea of social contract--all member of society place themselves under the absolute rule of sovereign--maintain peace and order
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Required English goods be transported on English ships, great boost of English merchant, short but successful war with Dutch
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Cromwell tears up ineffective constitution, dismisses Rump Parliament and rules w/support of military, religious tolerance for all (kinda), Protestant Regime, crushed rebellion in Scotland and Ireland
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Ended French-Spanish conflict of Thirty Years War, Spain surrendered territories to France
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Denied those outside of the Church of England the right to vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend universities or even assemble for meetings--not enforeced
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Strengthens core of France, all nobility live there, Louis able to play them off of each other to control them, shows absolute power of Louis XIV
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Relieved by John Sobieski--Polish King of Poland, beginning of the end of the Ottomans
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Bigot, Catholic, combines worst elements of 3 kings, standing army outside of London, surrounds himself with Catholics, daughter Mary II marries William III of Orange
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"Early Enlightenment" (17th Century-1748): most directly influenced by Scientific Rev.
1748-1778-the High Enlightenment: began with Montesquieu's Spirit of Law and ends with death of Voltaire and Rousseau
1778-after-The Late Enlightenment: influenced by Rousseau -
Published his findings, set down 3 laws of motion
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Whig and Tory leaders offered throne jointly to Mary II and husband William of Orange--enemy of Louis XIV and a champion of Protestant cause, ask another country to invade to overthrow
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Patient zero of the Enlightenment, model for the USA's Bill of Rights
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Bases of representative government, government oversteps function--to protect natural rights--becomes tyranny
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Starts to attempt to westernize Russia to make it powerful, turns mostly Asian country to become more European
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Charles II death leaves Spain to French--Louis XIV fights war and looses--adds very little territory
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End of Spanish War of Succession, Spain couldn't unite thrown w/French--but stays in Bourbon family, Dutch military decline, Spain looses all territories (Austrian Netherlands), British control of slave trade
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Stated Maria Theresa would be recognized as soon as Charles VI dies, people attack--take opportunity of momentary weakness
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Doubled Prussian population, established Prussia as great power in Europe, doesn't emancipate the Jews, ended censorship through Prussia, established strong judiciary, abolished torture, freed surfs in royal domains
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Prussia attacks, Bohemia revolts, Maria Theresa needed to convince Hungary that she's their queen--does it with a Braveheart style speech with Lion King baby--Fredrick keeps Silesia but Maria Theresa keeps Austria
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Idea of separations of powers ensures freedom and liberty (wants to protect rights of nobles and wealthy)
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Spread Enlightenment, had practical things
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Atheist, believes God rests on superstition and fear rather than on reason--religion is a social phenomenon
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France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Spain, German States versus Prussia and England--first truly global war
Coalition against Prussia had different different goals/priorities so Prussia and England with specialization able to defeat coalition against them -
France and Austria go from being enemies to active allies (like US and Russia)--Marie Antionette sent to marry Louis VI
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French satire of social system--very popular
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Plotted to kill Peter to become tzarina
1767: Summons Legislative Commission
1768-1774: Russia Turko War--gets warm water port -
Children should be loved, women should nurse their own children, education should be revamped, people should focus on common things
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Ends 7 Years War--Europe largely remained status quo, massive land changed hands in N. America (Canada and Louisiana), France expelled from India--rise in Britain's global dominance
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Argued for standard procedures in judicial processes, end torture and death penalty
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Most enlightened out of enlightened absolutists, abolished serfs, absolute equality of taxation, punishment less cruel, emancipate the Jews but expels Jesuits, sold monasteries, partition of Poland--brother Leopold has to undo most of this
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Reconciles religion and reason, argued for religious tolerance and Jewish emancipation, state has no right to intervene in subjects' religious lives
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Pugachev claims to be Catherine's dead husband, peasants revolt, nobility defeat him--proves to be a turning point in Catherine's rule, turns away from Enlightened ideas in practice--strengthens nobility
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Argued for economic liberalism/capitalism
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Idea of dare to know, not everything needs to be based on reason, introduced idea of transcendentalism
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Ends the American Revolution
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Members of Third Estate agree to not stop meeting until Const. is made
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Rumors spread through Paris that Louis was going to use force against National Assembly, people tear down Bastille with bare hands--killing the guards--this legitimized the violence of the French Revolution
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Rumors continue to spread--peasants feared aristocrats were going to take their land so they stormed the manors and took land and burned papers--Lafayette saves the day
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Abolished feudalism--abolished nobility--political distinctions--everyone was now the 3rd Estate, all Frenchmen subject to same laws and taxes (peasants and bourgeoisie got what they wanted)
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Influenced by American Declaration of Independence
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Spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread--stormed Versailles, killed the guards, almost killed Marie--Lafayette saves the day again--take King and Queen back to Paris
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Monarchy and assembly moved back to Paris--National Assembly begins to fall under radical elements of Paris--second wave of emigres leave
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Called for the first since 1614--1st Estate: clergy, 2nd Estate: nobility, 3rd Estate: peasants, bourgeoisie, sans-culottes--each had one vote--only 3rd Estate taxed
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Argued that the 3rd Estate is everyone in France and the 1st and 2nd are just leeches (he himself was a member of the 1st)--spurs action
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Liberte! Egalite! Fraternite!
Wrote Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, still a Constitutional Monarch -
National Assembly didn't like how church was reacting to the Revolution--made it so the clergy had to take an oath of allegiance to the new government--if not then become refractory--one of the most radical thing Assembly did
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Conservative response to Revolution, says its too dangerous, need tradition to hold country together--change is ok but needs to be gradual
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Direct response to Burke--slow change just causes more pain--need a revolution
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Head to Austrian Netherlands--get caught and taken back to Paris--seen as a traitor
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Issued by Leopold--stated that if all of Europe joined against France, then he would intervene--lie-but emigres took him seriously and so did France--gave Girondists advantage
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Establishes branches--king still has power (suspensive veto--4 years)--goal to ensure country does not turn over to mob
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Constitutional Monarch--established by Constitution of 1791--very brief rule
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Prussia joins
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Duke of Brunswick declares that if royal family is harmed, Paris will be destroyed--made monarchs look like traitors (and they were)
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Working class storm the palace, imprison the king, declare republic--now inspired by Rousseau
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Marat argues Paris will fall to prisoners after Rev.---common people stormed the prisons and killed everyone--global sympathy for French Rev. lost--discredited the Revolution
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first act of the National Convention
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Offered French assistance to any subject people who wanted to overthrow their government
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Republic--things turn radical
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Led by Robespierre--executions made more to make a point
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adopt new republican calendar, banned public exercise of religion, Notre Dame--> Temple of Reason
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Robespierre comes out on top of paper mache mountain dressed in robes, people thought he was going crazy
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Backlash to Robespierre--he went too far--arrests him and is executed--the Revolution has consumed its own child
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5 man executive committee--or oligarchy--to avoid dictatorship--proved ineffective and corrupt
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Ineffective Oligarchy
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The royalists win election--as a result the members of the Directory seize power to stop a monarch from forming
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18 Brumaire--approved by plebiscite in December--named himself First Consul
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Clergy now under discipline of the pope, public Catholicism worship permitted, Catholicism ruled religion of majority of Frenchmen, papal acceptance of church lands lost during Rev., pay the clergy, disarm counterrevolution
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reforms French legal code: all French citizens had same civil rights, repeated ban of labor unions, lower presumption of innocence than present in English Common Law, restricted women's rights, re-establish patriarchy
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(Third Coalition) France v. Britain-->France defeated by navy--but not invaded by England
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French attempt to blockade British from trade to starve them out--backfired--Britain blockades the rest of Europe from the world, really bad for Russia--Portugal doesn't agree to System and helps Peninsular Campaign
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Goals:
1) defense against France
2) balance of power
3) compensation
4) legitimacy (wanted to maintain
