-
The Bourbon Family would rise from a noble protestant family to the ruling family in France, until a gradual loss of power and eventual dissolution.
-
The influential Hapsburg family would be the dominant ruling family in the Holy Roman Empire and eventually Spain during this time.
-
Louis XI, also called "the spider king", would subsidize French nobles through taxation and clever spy work.
-
Louis XI, who would become known as the "Spider King", would become known for his political savvy as he reduced the powers of nobles with thorough taxation and cunning spywork.
-
-
Ferdinand and Isabella, fierce Catholics, would become known for their brutal tactics against the Moors, and their eventual conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
-
Henry VII would begin the Tudor Dynasty, which ended with the death of the heirless Elizabeth in 1603.
-
Henry VII, the first Tudor, would end civil war in England and greatly reduce noble power with taxation and secret torture.
-
Henry VII, the first Tudor king, would become known for ending the War of the Roses and reducing the power of nobles with his intimidating Court of Star Chamber and taxation. He would also begin the age of English exploration.
-
-
Henry VIII would inherit the throne from his father in 1491, after he came of age. Henry would become known for treating his word as law, as he executed those disloyal to his influential Anglican Church. He would reduce the power of Catholicism in England and usher in Anglican dominance in Britain.
-
Ferdinand and Isabella seize Grenada, ending Moorish influence in Spain.
-
Charles V of the Hapsburg empire, also known as Charles I of Spain, would take the crown of Spain, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire on June 28th, 1519.
-
During his reign, Charles, a fierce Catholic, would fight Protestantism and Ottoman Turks as he fought to keep his kingdom under relative control, a true emperor at heart. He was mostly successful in this, however, his kingdoms would be weakened when his son and brother divided his empire.
-
-
Mary I's strong attitude against Protestantism would cause religious disarray in England, and would lead to Spain turning its attention on England.
-
Mary, a fierce Catholic, would be relentless in her Crusade against Protestant Anglicanism, as she attempted to restore an English link to Catholic Spain.
-
Oliver Cromwell's short but harsh military rule would begin in 1653.
-
Cromwell would rule England under a military dictatorship in which he would enforce strict Puritan doctrines and stamp out rebellion on Ireland.
-
King Phillip II of Spain would take the throne left by his father, Charles, in 1556, and would soon lose control of his flourishing empire.
-
Phillip II's reign would see him take part in war in the Netherlands, in which he was defeated by the United Provinces, a failed invasion of England, and inflation resulting from spoils of the New World.
-
Elizabeth I's rule would be one of the most successful in English history, as she gave way to religious toleration, saw expansionist and economic successes, and repelled a large Spanish invasion.
-
-
Dutch Rebellion against the dominance of Spain, and the union of the Northern Provinces of The Netherlands against Hapsburg Rule. Led to Dutch unification and exploration.
-
This massacre, following the orders of Queen Regent Catherine D'Medici, would see the organized murder of thousands of Huguenots.
-
Phillip II's grand armada was embarrassingly defeated by a smaller English navy, and would be forced to retreat to Spain.
-
This French Civil War, which saw combat between the Bourbon and Valois family would end in a Bourbon-Protestant victory and Henry of Navarre's ascension to the French throne.
-
Signed by Henry IV Bourbon, this granted Huguenots civil rights and was an attempt for equality among both religions.
-
-
Following the death of the heirless Elizabeth I, the Scottish Stewarts would assume England's throne.
-
Louis XIII would pave the way for Absolutism in France, as he and Cardinal Richelieu began the subsidizing of nobles.
-
-
Charles's unpopular rule would begin in 1625.
-
The reign of Charles I would be spotted with popular disapproval and end with his beheading following the English Civil War.
-
The "Sun king" would see France at its height of militaristic, expansionist, and economic power as he, Richelieu, and his economic advisor, Sully, dominated Europe under Absolutist France.
-
-
Cromwell achieves victory over Charles I and his Cavaliers.
-
-
Charles II would normalize the English monarchy following the dictatorship of Cromwell.
-
-
A war fought between France and several other European powers over the idea of French Dominance of Europe.
