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King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella sign decree expelling Jews from Spain.
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Emperor Maximilian, Pope Alexander VI, Milan, King Ferdinand, Isabella & Venice sign anti-French Saint League.
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Appears in Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, Friar John Cor is the distiller.
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French King Charles VIII beats St. League.
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Forces under King Henry VII soundly defeat troops led by Michael An Gof.
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This Breton-French-Latin dictionary was written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc. It is the first Breton dictionary as well as the first French dictionary.
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High Renaissance: 1452-1519 The word 'Renaissance' means 'rebirth' - a rebirth of the classical ideals from Ancient Rome and Greece. The High Renaissance marks the pinnacle of artistic development in this period of Italian art. The great artists of the High Renaissance were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti from Florence, Raphael Sanzio from Umbria, and Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) and Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti) from Venice. They painted artwor
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Famous challenge between 13 Italian and 13 French knights near Barletta.
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French cede Naples to Ferdinand of Aragon
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Philip van Bourgondie & Maximilian I & Louis XII
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Marking the beginning of the regeneration of the Vijayanagara Empire.
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Governing the conduct of settlers with regards to native Indians in the New World.
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France beats Habsburgers & Pope Leo X.
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Battle at Marignano ends in French/Venetian victory.
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Francis recognises Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles recognises Francis's claim to Milan.
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Anti-French Trapdoors/Bourgondisch covenant.
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A successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces results in the execution of around 100 people.
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Habsburgers split into Spanish/Austrian Branches
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Begins in Germany's Black Forest.
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When Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother in Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
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Ends the Peasants War.
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Surrounded/slaughters 5,000; ends Boer war.
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Spanish & German Imperial troops sack Rome; ending Renaissance.
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Between Emperor & Ecclesiastical power.
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Spain & Portugal divide eastern hemisphere.
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Charged with blood ritual, burned at stake.
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Henry VIII & Catharina of Aragon
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John Calvin publishes the first edition of his "Institutes of the Christian Religion"
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Calvin lives in exile in Strasbourg for the next three years.
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Ends war between Emperor Charles V & King French I
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The Portuguese are scattered, their leader Christovão da Gama is captured and afterwards executed.
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Paul III sends out letters to his bishops, delaying the Council due to war and the difficulty bishops had traveling to Venice.
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By the son of his former companion and later antagonist, Diego Almagro the younger. Almagro is later caught and executed.
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German emperor Charles V & French King Francois I
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Lady Jane Grey deposed as England's Queen after 9 days.
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By John Calvin in Geneva as a heretic.
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Gen de Guise allows 1200 Huguenots murder.
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Rights for Huguenots
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Trial against Mary Stuart
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The Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Spaniards, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic.
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In Flanders, Spain captures Antwerp (after three days the city was nearly destroyed).
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17 Dutch provinces sign anti-Spanish covenant.
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17 Dutch provinces sign anti-Spanish covenant
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Artois/Henegouwen/French-Flanders sign treaty recognizing Spanish duke van Parma as land guardian.
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French Huguenots lose all freedoms
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Aid to Netherland
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The final battle of the Seven Year War is fought between the Korean and Japanese navies, resulting in a decisive Korean victory.
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The revolting Mapuche, led by cacique Pelentaru, inflict a major defeat on Spanish troops in southern Chile; all Spanish cities south of the Biobio river are eventually taken by the Mapuches, and all conquest of Mapuche territories by Europeans practically ceases, until the 1870s "Pacification of Araucania".
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Irish forces led by Hugh Roe O'Donnell successfully ambush English forces, led by Sir Conyers Clifford, sent to relieve Collooney Castle.
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At Campo de' Fiori in Rome, charged of heresy.
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After announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain.
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Giving up Austria, Hungary & Moravia
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Completed by Jan Lippershey
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Opens its reading room, the second public library of Europe.
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A turning point in the Bohemian Revolt.
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That inspire his Meditations on First Philosophy.
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French king Louis XIII beats his mother Marie de Medici
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Hung King Bethlen Gabor & Emperor Ferdinand II sign treaty.
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France/Maximilian van Bavarian signs.
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To "abjure, curse, & detest" his Copernican heliocentric views
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King Charles I's English army loses to a Scottish Covenanter force at the Battle of Newburn
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Anniversary commemorated by Irish Protestants for over 200 years.
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Beheaded at the Tower of London.
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The last major battle of the first English Civil War.
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Baroque: c 1571-1610 Baroque was a reaction against the artificial stylization of Mannerism. It spread throughout Europe during the 17th century. Among the great Baroque masters were the Italian painter Caravaggio and sculptor Bernini, the Flemish artist Rubens, Velazquez from Spain, and Rembrandt, the greatest of all Dutch painters.Baroque art is identified by realistic subjects that depict spectacular action and generate powerful emotions.
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Dutch Art: 1632-1675 With the spread of Protestantism in Holland and the rejection of Catholic Baroque, Dutch artists had to focus on secular subjects to which there were no objections on religious grounds. Consequently, Dutch art has become famous for its still lifes, portraits, landscapes, interiors and genre painting. Artists tended to specialize narrowly, often in one subject. For example, Willem Kalf painted still lifes, Frans Hals portraits, Jacob van Ruisdael lan.
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) seminal text is published.
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Begins at 2am in Pudding Lane, 80% of London is destroyed
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Lays the foundations for most of classical mechanics.
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About 78 Macdonalds at Glen Coe, Scotland are killed early in the morning for not promptly pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange.
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This stated that women needed to become better educated.
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English/Dutch troops under Marlborough occupy Roermond
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Reason used to liberate the mind.
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Is signed by the Ottoman Empire and Russia at the end of the Russian-Turkish War, 1736-1739.
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Premieres in Dublin
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On the battlefield in Bavaria, George II personally leads troops into battle. The last time that a British monarch would command troops in the field.
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James Bradley announces this phenomena.
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Rococo: 1732-1806 The term ‘Rococo’ derives from the French word ‘rocaille’ which means rock-work, referring to a style of interior decoration that swirls with arrangements of curves and scrolls. The style was essentially French but spread throughout Europe. As Mannerism was a stylistic reaction to Renaissance art, so Rococo was a decorative response to the realism of Baroque. While some authorities consider Rococo to be a refined, elegaelegant, and allegorical.
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The formal start date of plant taxonomy adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
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For Empress Elizabeth and her courtiers.
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Attempt to unite the liberty of the individual with the authority of the government. Emile was important for education.
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Stated that the universe is made up of matter and motion.
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Stated that the universe is made up of matter and motion.
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US gains independence from Britain
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He said that women have the same natural rights as men.
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Moons of Uranus, discovered by William Herschel
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Neo-Classicism: 1748-1825 Neo-Classicism was a reaction against the pomposity of Rococo. This was the Age of the Enlightenment and political, social and cultural revolution were in the air. Artists needed a serious art for serious times and once again they looked back to the art of Antiquity as their model. Inspired by the archeological discoveries at Herculaneum and Pompeii, Neo-Classicism had a historical accuracy that earlier classical revivals lacked.
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Ends the Ottoman-Habsburg wars
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Paris is dissolved; Parisians hail Maximilien Robespierre and Jérôme Pétion as incorruptible patriots.
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Romanticism 1775-1851 Romanticism valued the expression of emotion over the control of Classicism. This was achieved through spectacular painting technique and the choice of emotive and sensual subjects which often commemorated dramatic contemporary and historical events. In France, Delacroix and Géricault were the pioneers of Romanticism; in England, it was Turner and Constable; in Germany, Caspar David Friedrich and in Spain, Goya.
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The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley's name appears on the second edition, published in France in 1823.
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American author, poet and literary critic dies
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