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Charles I attempted to collect taxes for naval defense without Parliament's consent. This fueled the English revolution. -
The English Civil war was a time when royal authority was challenged during Charles I's reign. The two sides consisted of Parliamentarians and Royalists.
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Louis XIV (AKA the Sun King) was an incredibly powerful absolutist ruler of France. He finished consolidating his powers, making him the most powerful ruler of his time. Louis participated in various campaigns to expand France and gain power in other countries. Additionally, Louis lived an extremely lavish life, building Versailles and spending exorbitant amounts of money on displays of wealth.
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The Fronde was a series of civil wars in France that challenged the monarchy under Louis XIV's and Cardinal Mazarin's rule. There were 2 parts, the Fronde of parlements, which opposed new taxes and overreaching royal authority and the Fronde of the nobles, who were defending their feudal rights. The Fronde led to Louis consolidating his power and transforming France into an absolutist monarchy.
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Oliver Cromwell rules England under his Protectorate rule, where he leads a military backed regime. The Protectorate rule collapsed after Cromwell's son, Richard, failed to maintain the proper authority needed to lead the country.
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Oliver Cromwell ordered the execution of Charles I -
During this time period the Dutch and English fought 3 wars over economic and naval dominance. During this time England seized New York and this war was characterized by naval battles.
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Charles II is declared king of England -
Charles II was a descendant of the Spanish Habsburg line but was unfortunately incredibly inbred. So much so, that he was unable to produce an heir and barely could rule. His rule weakened Spain and led to social and economic decline.
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Due to a national crisis with France, William was elected to this role and during his time as stadtholder he attempted to make his role absolute. However, he was unable to due to the Netherlands decentralized republic government. -
Louis XIV invaded Dutch provinces on the lower Rhine with the help of Charles II of England. His longtime enemy, William of Orange (Later William III of England) raised Austria, Spain, Brandenburg and Denmark against France and forced him to sign the Treaty of Nimwegen. This treaty ceded much of Spanish land to France but recovered Charleroi.
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An act passed by parliament that required all officeholders to take communion in the Church of England. -
Peter the Great had an immense effect on Russia. He contributed to the westernization of Russia, placing himself as the head of Russia's church. Additionally, Peter started the Social Revolution, a time in which Russia was ruled by status and rank. Peter rebelled against this, putting people in positions based on merit over birth.
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The Turks, along with Romanians and Hungarians (Who were both protesting Habsburg power) reached Vienna. The Habsburgs pushed the the Turks out with the help of the Duke of Lorraine and the King of Poland. -
Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and prosecuted Huguenots, forcing many to go into hiding or leave France for more accepting countries. -
James II was overthrown and replaced with William III, AKA William of Orange. The revolution limited the absolutist powers of the king and replaced it with a constitutional monarchy. This gave parliament increased power over the monarchy. -
This war \was fought between the French and the Grand Alliance (Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, Palatinate, Dutch Republic). It began as a response to Louis' expansionist endeavors. The French won many battles but were not able to drive their enemies from the battle fields. Eventually peace was made with neither side a clear winner, and everything was returned to relatively the same as before the war.
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The English Bill of Rights protected common people's rights by stipulating no law could be suspended by the king, no taxes or army raised without parliamentary consent, and no subject could be arrested without legal process. -
William III became king through his marriage to Mary II of England. By becoming king, he ceded absolutist power over England, agreeing to parliamentary sovereignty.
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In 1709, Peter defeats Sweden in Poltava and later conqueres Livonia and parts of Eastern Finland.
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Frederick I is crowned king of Prussia by the Holy Roman Emperor in exchange for his aid during the War of Spanish Succession. -
Upon Charles II's death, Spain was ripe for the picking. Louis XIV and Leopold I were both hoping to gain control of Spain, as they had both married one of his sisters. In his will, he stated that Spain should remain intact and go to Louis’ grandson. William III was distressed by this information and organized the Grand Alliance (England, Austria, Holland). The Spanish sided with their dead king’s will and accepted Louis rule. The war dragged on because both sides kept raising their stakes.
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This treaty ended the War of Spanish Succession and divided Spain amongst the British, Savoy, and Austria. Finally, Louis' grandson was named king Phillip V, with the understanding that Spain and France could never be inherited by the same person. -
This sanction was an attempt to maintain the absolutist power the Hasburg's had fought so hard to obtain. It allowed for Maria Theresa to rule Habsburg territories despite her gender. (Led to war of Austrian succession) -
Maria Theresa was the first and only Holy Roman Empress due to her fathers attempt to maintain the Empire's unity by keeping the inheritance in the Habsburg line. She ruled Habsburg territory until her death.