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Democritus was the first philosopher to propose the idea of an indivisible particle. He called this particle an “atomos”.
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Newton proposed a universe in which small solid masses are in motion.
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Antoine proposed the Law of Conservation of Mass, stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed. This represented the beginning of modern chemistry.
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Franklin conducted his experiment with a key attached to a string hoping the key would conduct electricity. Proving the conductivity also had proven the idea that matter had positive and negative charges, allowing it to flow.
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Proust would help support the idea compounds always have the same elements in the same proportions. His theory is known as the Law of Conservation of Composition.
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John dalton made his mark by proposing a new atomic theory. It stated- 1. all matter is made of small particles to be called atoms; 2. atoms of a given element have unique properties that no other elements share; 3. atoms cannot be split, created, or destroyed; 4. Atoms of various elements combine to make whole number ratio compounds; 5. Atoms combine, rearrange, or separate in chemical reactions.
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Michael Faraday discovered the electromagnetic induction. This discovery was when attempting to induce a current by a circuit, it is essential to change the magnetic field.
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Plucker successfully constructed one of the first cathode ray tubes which would lead to many new discoveries.
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Dmitri Mendeleev's greatest accomplishment was ordering the periodic table form the lightest atomic mass to the heaviest atomic mass. Therefore the chemical properties also formed a trend.
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Maxwell proposed that the void around an atom was actually an electromagnetic field.
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His major achievement was discovering that the cathode rays were actually negatively charged, by studying the ways the ray moved due to the magnetic field.
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Stoney proposed that electricity was made up of negative particles called electrons.
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Henry discovered some chemicals spontaneously decompose and give off high penetrating rays.
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The previous hypotheses stated that the fundamental building block was the size of the simplest atom, hydrogen. J.J. Tomson disagreed and instead said it was over 1000 times smaller, this lead to his discovery of the electron.
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Their main accomplishment was the discovery of the two elements radium and polonium. These two elements are important to life because radium is an isotope heat source.
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Soddy studied spontaneous decomposition of radioactives elements into all kinds of isotopes or entirely new elements. He also discovered "half life".
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Planck discovered the constant at which the energy and frequency come out in. This constant is also known as Planck's constant and is 6.63 x 10 ^ -34 J * s.
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Nagaoka created a Saturnian model of the atom in which flat rings of electrons revolved around a positively charged particle.
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Abegg discovered that inert gases contained stable electron configurations. This explained their chemical inactivity.
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Albert Einstein came up with the photoelectric effect. This states that when quanta of light energy strikes an atom in the metal, it will force the metal to emit electrons.
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Hans developed a machine that was able to click when contacted with alpha particles. This came in handy for future atomic experiments.
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Robert Millikan is known for his oil drop experiment. With this experiment he uncovered the size and the charge of an electron.
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Ernest Rutherford discovered that these electrons were part of a bigger picture. Rutherford discovered the nucleus.
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Moseley determined nuclei charges on most atoms and worked to reorder the periodic table by atomic number as opposed to atomic mass.
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After studying a hydrogen atom, Bohr proposed an atomic model known as the planetary model.
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Aston was able to discover isotopes by way of a mass spectrograph.
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He proposed that electrons could behave like waves under certain conditions. This led scientists to understand that atoms did not behave like solar systems.
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Erwin Schrödinger's main discovery was the wave equation. His interpritation of the physical meaning of wave function criticzied that of the Copenhagen theory.
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Heisenberg proposed Principle of Indeterminacy which states that we cannot know both the position and velocity of a particle. Instead he used the frequencies of spectral lines in order to derive a formula describing the atom.
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Chadwick is most famously known for discovering neutrons in an atom.
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These two were able to verify that heavy elements capture neutrons and make unstable products that then undergo fission. As the fission continues, more neutrons can be ejected.
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Fermi was the first scientist to conduct a controlled chain reaction that releases energy from the atom's nucleus.
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Aristotle theorized that everything around us was made up of 4 basic elements; earth, fire, water, and air. He also believed that matter could be divided endlessly. Surprisingly, this ideaology was believed for over 2000 years!
