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British control over defence, international commerce, foreign affairs
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Professional middle class Indians
Criticised British trading agreements, restraints on Indian industry, heavy taxation on Indians - used to pay British civil servants -
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Gov Gen
6 Members of exec council
Commander in Chief
Head of province
Some degree of educated Indian representation - exploited differences between elite and illiterate masses -
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Germany supplied weapons to Boers
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Railway to Tashkent - within striking distance of Afghanistan
Brit stretched by war in SA
GB had fewer than 100,000 soldiers in Indian army to defend northern India
Russia naval present in Toulon - threat to Suez Canal -
Appease Indian princes and elite figures
Give them military training and special officer commissions
Reformed unis and police
Tied money to gold standard to ensure stable currency -
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Did not provide much security - Britain v Triple Alliance
Left relationship with Russia open -
Following Curzon's resignation after the partition of Bengal -
Partition of Muslim majority East Bengal + Assam and Hindu majority of West Bengal
Hindu elite owned land in East which they leased to Muslim peasants - were therefore annoyed
Strikes, protests, boycotts of British made goods - thought it was bc of their criticisms of British rule
Surendranath Banerjee led campaigns - new strand of nationalism
Curzon attempted to counter by strict censorship of press
Split INC between moderates and extremists -
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Following Kaiser threatening Morocco
Britain stood by France
Strengthened Anglo-French Alliance -
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Britain, France, Russia
Declared Persia neutral zone
Recognised Afghanistan as British sphere of influence -
Viceroy at head
Strict limitations on size of civil service - pay + pensions were costly
No more than 3 or 4 officers per district -
Elections for Indians - could vote depending on how much taxes they paid
Separate electorate for Muslims
Central legislative council from 16 to 60
Functions of legislative council enlarged
Satyendra Prasad Sinha first Indian in exec council appointed as law member
27 Indians elected from provincial constituencies to Viceroy's Council - assisted Viceroy and aided in creating legislation -
Considered forming a Dominion fleet
Britain accepted it couldn't maintain 2 power standard (match two next strongest naval powers)
Settles for 60% margin over Germany -
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Enlarged provincial councils - 135 Indians on council
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Calcutta was Hindu majority but Delhi was Muslim strong hold - undermine revolutionary Hindu groups -
King-Emperor
Delhi Durbar to celebrate
Display of power and pageantry
Shore up loyalty of Indian princely rulers -
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French sent 20,000 soldiers to disperse rebels
Kaiser sent warship (The Panther) to port of Agadir to "prevent French invasion"
British scared Kaiser wanted to seize Agadir - was near Gibraltar - prepared Royal Navy for war
Kaiser Wilhelm gave up and called it a day -
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Brit withdrew from Mediterranean - redeploy in North Sea
Army remodelled for deployment on European Mainland
Britain reduced to relying on French support -
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Ottoman Empire in decline - were in control of Balkan states
Austria-Hungary wanted to crush Slavs -
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Kaiser did not reply to British ultimatum
Viceroy Hardinge unilaterally declares war on India's behalf
1.4 million volunteers from India
Hopes for new deal once war was over -