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He developed the use of hydrogen sulfide as a reagent (a substance used to detect the presence of other substances by the chemical reactions it causes).
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He recognized that the proportions of the components of a chemical compound are always the same, no matter what method he used to prepare the compound.
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Discovered the cause of astigmatism.
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Addressed a phenomenon known as interference. He observed that when light from a single source is separated into two beams, and the two beams are recombined, the combined beams produce a pattern of light and dark fringes.
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Calculated atomic weights from percentage compositions of compounds, using an arbitrary system to determine the likely atomic structure of each compound.
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Helpied in developing the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory. This theory postulated that there were three distinct types of cones in the retina and that each one of the types was sensitive to a particular color, either red, green, or blue.
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Dalton's experiments on gases led to his discovery that the total pressure of a mixture of gases amounted to the sum of the partial pressures that each individual gas exerted while occupying the same space.
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Hertz opened the way for the development of radio, television, and radar with his discovery of electromagnetic waves.
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succeeded in producing more and better gunpowder by increasing the supply and ensuring the purity of the constituents—saltpeter (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal—as well as by improving the methods of granulating the powder.
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Marsden observed that a tiny fraction of alpha particles fired at a thin gold foil were deflected straight back.
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Pierre submitted his doctoral thesis It concerned various types of magnetism, and contained a presentation of the connection between temperature and magnetism that is now known as Curie's Law.
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Invented a detector for electromagnetic waves.
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Marie discovered that thorium gives off the same rays as uranium. Her continued studies of the various chemical compounds gave the surprising result that the strength of the radiation did not depend on the compound that was being studied. It depended only on the amount of uranium or thorium.
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Made an original study of cathode rays culminating in the discovery of the electron.
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Reported the existence of alpha and beta rays in uranium radiation and indicated some of their properties.
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They had demonstrated strong grounds for having come upon an additional very active substance that behaved chemically almost like pure barium. They suggested the name of radium for the new element.
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Was able to deduce the relationship between the energy and the frequency of radiation. This was based on the revolutionary idea that the energy emitted by a resonator could only take on discrete values or quanta. The energy for a resonator of frequency v is hv where h is a universal constant, now called Planck's constant.
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Marie and Pierre Curie were awarded half the Nobel Prize in Physics.
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He discovered a method for separating different kinds of atoms and molecules by the use of positive rays.
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Won the Nobel Prize in Physics
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Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
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Geiger and colleague J. M. Nuttall developed the Geiger-Nuttall rule, which states that a linear relationship exists between the logarithm of the range of alpha-particles and the radioactive time constant, which is involved in the rate of decay of emitting nuclei.
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Geiger created a measuring device that had the ability to count the number of alpha particles and other ionizing radiation being emitted. This was the first version of the Geiger counter.
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He succeeded in working out and presenting a picture of atomic structure.
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Correlated nuclear charge by the atomic number,
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Won the Nobel Prize in Physics
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During his last year at Manchester, he discovered that the nuclei of certain light elements, such as nitrogen, could be disintegrated by the impact of energetic alpha particles coming from some radioactive source, and that during this process fast protons were emitted.
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Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas.
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He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.
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Recognition of his work on the structure of atoms came with the award of the Nobel Prize.
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Albert Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.
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He discovereed that the increase of wavelength of x-rays due to scattering of the incident radiation by free electrons, which implies that the scattered quanta to have less energy than the quanta of the original beam. (Known as the compton affect)
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Produced a mathematical equivalent which consisted essentially of a noncommutative algebra for calculating atomic properties.
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Prepared a thesis on the alpha rays of polonium
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Fermi discovered the statistical laws, nowadays known as the «Fermi statistics», governing the particles subject to Pauli's exclusion principle.
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Invented Schrödinger's wave equation.
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Compton was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
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Theory of the electron
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Conferred him the Nobel Prize for Physics "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons".
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Began his cosmic-ray studies.
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Between 1930 and 1950, Louis de Broglie's work has been chiefly devoted to the study of the various extensions of wave mechanics: Dirac's electron theory, the new theory of light, the general theory of spin particles, applications of wave mechanics to nuclear physics, etc.
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Made the discovery of the positron.
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Made a fundamental discovery in the domain of nuclear science: he proved the existence of neutrons - elementary particles devoid of any electrical charge.
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Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932.
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Theory of quantum mechanics: Mechanical quantities, such as position, velocity, etc. should be represented, not by ordinary numbers, but by abstract mathematical structures called "matrices" and he formulated his new theory in terms of matrix equations.
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He obtained the first direct proof that gamma rays from ThC generate positrons in their passage through material substances.
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Shared Nobel Peace Prize with Dirac the Nobel Prize
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The Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to him.
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He demonstrated that nuclear transformation occurs in almost every element subjected to neutron bombardment. This resulted in the discovery of slow neutrons that same year, leading to the discovery of nuclear fission and the production of elements lying beyond what was until then the Periodic Table.
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Gold Medal of the American Institute of City of New York
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Shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with her husband.
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Sc.D. of Colgate University
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Elliott Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute
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Unexpectely produced barium
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Became the first to recognize that the uranium atom, when bombarded by neutrons, actually split
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Frisch demonstrated that the fissioning of uranium had the potential to create a volatile chain reaction which, when using uranium-235, could be used to develop an extremely destructive weapon.
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First to recognize the existence of the neutrino, which is an uncharged and massless particle which carries off energy in radioactive ß-disintegration.
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Hahn won the nobel prize for chemistry.
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Presidential Certificate of Merit
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Helped to lay the foundations of the quantum theory.
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Won the Nobel Prize for Physics
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Irène took part ithe creation and in the construction of the first French atomic pile.
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He received the Copley Medal (1950) and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia (1951).
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He received the gold medal of the French National Scientific Research Centre.
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The concept enabled him to predict decay events and the existence of the Xi zero particle, which was experimentally detected.
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John Ericsson Medal of the American Society of Swedish Engineers
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The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles".
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Murray Gell-Mann won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to elementary particle physics.
