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A critique and protest against the corruption present in the Catholic Church concerning the sales of indulgences, obtained by doing good works, prayers or by donating money. Martin Luther believed salvation was free and one did not need to pay to obtain it, he decreed that if a priest said the opposite, he was inherently lying. -
The Tyndale bible was published in Great Britain by William Tyndale, who translated the New Testament from Latin to the vernacular : English. -
The king was made “supreme head of the Church of England”. This is when the schism happened, the king’s great matter, his divorce, had led England to break from the Roman Catholic Church. The break was gradual and it was mostly a political decision, Henry VIII did not support most Protestant ideas. -
Henry VIII decided that monasteries were bastions of “popery”. They were disbanded and the crown appropriated their income and land, at this time, the church owned 25% of the land. The valuables were also confiscated and melted down. -
The dissolution of monasteries resulted in massive rebellions in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, which interrupted the process for 6 months, from 1536 to 1537. They were the biggest rebellions ever faced by a Tudor monarch and were called the “pilgrimage of grace”. The insurgents were common people as well as the gentry and the clergy. They were against the dissolution and the reformation. They also demanded the restoration of the pope and Mary Tudor to the royal line of succession. -
This council was held in the Italian city of Trent and it was the symbol of counter reformation. The Roman Catholic Church attempted to correct some of the abuses of the church and harshly condemned Protestant heresies. -
Henry VIII died at 55 years old and named his son, Edward VI, as his heir. -
Edward VI died at only 15 years old, it is suspected that he had tuberculosis. -
Mary 1 was crowned queen of England on the 1st of October 1553. -
Protestantism was confined to secrecy as over 200 heretics were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558. They were forced to leave the country and many fled to Switzerland, where they were taught the teachings of Calvin, they were called the “Marian Exiles”. -
Mary 1 (Tudor) died at 42 years old. -
The aim of the Act of Uniformity was to target religious beliefs. Every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer, and people who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
The aim of the Act of Supremacy was to organise the Church of England, abolishing the authority of the pope and restoring the authority of the Queen, Elizabeth I, over the church. She became “supreme governor of the Church of England”.
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This rebellion was against religious reformers, there were 6000 insurgents. It was an attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth I with Mary, Queen of Scots. The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland.
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Queen Elizabeth I was excommunicated by Pope Pius V, he issued the papal bull “Regnans in Excelsis”. -
This doctrine brought three important changes to the religious beliefs of the church: a new ecclesiology, a new doctrine of salvation and a new definition of sacraments and of the mass, that are still in use today. -
This Act made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth I was not the true Queen of England and Wales.
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“The act to retain the queen’s majesty’s subjects in their due obedience”. This provided for the death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism. It was now forbidden to participate or celebrate the catholic mass. Anglican services were compulsory: 20£ per month fine. -
During her whole reign, Elizabeth had to defend herself against many plots from the Catholic nobility against her. The most notorious one would be the Babington Plot, which resulted in Mary Queen of Scots’s execution. Young catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, the queen’s master spy, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Mary Stuart and this group. -
In 1568, Mary was involved in a civil war in Scotland and had to flee to England, she was granted shelter by Elizabeth I but was kept under a close watch, she was virtually a prisoner in England for 19 years. Executing her, whilst this would remove figurehead for Catholic challengers, it could also provoke international attacks and set a precedent for killing a queen. But after the Babington plot, Mary was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death. -
Philip II, the Catholic king of Spain supported several plots against Elizabeth.
In retaliation and to support the cause of Protestantism, Elizabeth supported the Dutch revolt against Spain. As a result the king of Spain attempted to invade England, a complete defeat, England was victorious due to material and strategic advantages and meteorological conditions. -
Following the Union of the Crowns, Scotland and England began to share the same monarch, though the two countries were still independent kingdoms for the next hundred years.
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He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots who had been executed by Elizabeth I. James was proclaimed king of Scotland in 1567, he was crowned king of England in 1603 upon Elizabeth’s death. He was a strong believer in the divine rights of kings and carried the same Protestant beliefs as her aunt Elizabeth, he continued on with Elizabeth’s harsh repressive laws. -
The gunpowder plot was a failed assassination attempt against King James I during the opening of Parliament. The plan was organised by Robert Catesby, a devout English Catholic who hoped to kill the Protestant King James and establish Catholic rule in England once more. An explosive expert named Guy Fawkes agreed to join the plot but, the Parliament cellars were searched and Guy Fawkes was found and captured. -
The King James I tried to introduce a financial reform which consisted of him receiving a fixed sum, which was meant to meet government costs and maintain the navy and army. However, some MPs feared the crown would not need to call up parliament anymore to get money, seeing as the king would be financially independent.
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A new English translation of the bible. -
The thirty years’ war began in 1618 and lasted until 1648. This war was mainly caused by religious divisions in Europe. The Protestants fought against the Catholics with the help of other Protestant nations, including England, Denmark, and the Dutch Republic.
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The petition of rights was a petition proposed by MPs to Charles I. It is a constitutional document setting out specific individual protections against the monarchy. -
Also called “the eleven years tyranny” by Whig historians. Eleven years during which Charles I governed without ever summoning Parliament. This period lasted from march of 1629, to April of 1640. -
The MPs passed the Three Resolutions which declared that whoever tried to bring in “popery of Arminianism” or to alter the Protestant forms of the Church of England, was an enemy of the kingdom, as well as anyone advising the king to collect custom duties without parliaments consent. This was seen as an act of open defiance, consequently, Charles I imprisoned these MPs and dissolved parliament. He then declared there would be no more parliaments. -
Scottish opposition came to the boil when Charles I attempted to impose a New Prayer Book (Book of Common Prayer).
The changes were deemed unacceptable (new position of the altar, kneeling, etc).
A riot erupted in St Giles's Cathedral, Edinburgh, on the reading of the New Prayer Book. -
Charles I's leading opponents in Scotland signed the "Scottish National Covenant", it was a petition opposing Charles' religious policy, it called for the spiritual independence of the Scottish Church to be maintained.
To Charles, this was an act of open rebellion. -
The Scots invaded England and emerged victorious, the treaty of Ripon was a Peace Treaty, Charles I was forced to pay the cost of the Scots' army, the king was humiliated by this. -
The 1640 Parliament was determined to remedy 11 years of grievances and wanted to ensure regular parliaments. -
Parliament passed the Militia Act in 1641, meaning that the army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by parliament, taking away the king’s ability to appoint whoever he wanted.
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In Oct 1641, Irish Catholic rebels rose up against Protestant settlers. There were false rumours: Irish atrocities, 200 000 protestants massacred, this fuelled the anti-Catholic sentiment in England even more. -
The Grand Remonstrance of 1641 was an important document voted by Parliament after heated debates. It summarised all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on "revolutionary" demands: the right of the House of commons to choose the King's ministers, the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland, and the right for Parliament to reform the Church. -
Charles grew tired of Parliament's demands and formally declared war on parliament. -
The June 1645 Battle of Naseby was a turning point and saw the Royalist forces weaken.
In May 1646 the King and the Royalists surrendered. Charles surrendered to the Scots, who handed him to Parliament. -
the King escaped from army custody and allied himself with the Scots seeing as he promised to introduce Presbyterianism/Calvinism into England, in return the Scottish army would invade England and restore him to power. -
Monarchy and House of Lords abolished, England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic), governed by its people without a King. -
King Charles I was executed outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall. His trial was a momentous event in British history. He was found guilty of treason. -
The aim of the Blasphemy Act of 1650 was to curb religious extremism.
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England’s forts and only written constitution. -
Riding through the House of Commons with soldiers, Cromwell ordered the MPs to leave.
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end of the Commonwealth and start of the Cromwellian Protectorate (or Military Protectorate). The Protectorate was a military dictatorship
Similar to a monarchy without a King.
Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector. -
His son Richard became Lord Protector but resigned after 6 months. This led to a period of Anarchy. There were 7 governments in less than a year. People longed for a return to order, increasing support for monarchy. -
Charles II issued The Declaration of Breda (dated 4 April 1660) was a proclamation by Charles II of England in which he promised a general pardon for crimes committed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum for all those who recognised Charles as the lawful king -
The king was restored.
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All ministers had to swear to conform to the book of common prayer.
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Parliament attempted to remove James from the succession to the English throne. This crisis lasted until 1681.
They feared James asking would implement pro catholic politics and might try to restore absolute monarchy, therefore threatening parliament.
James’ supporters: the Tories, supported the doctrine of hereditary rights
James’ opponents: the Whigs, discredited by a plot to kill Charles
Charles‘s reaction to this was dissolving parliament -
He was succeeded by his brother, James II. -
This legislation established religious pluralism and freedom of worship for all Protestants.
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The Bill firmly established the principles of frequent parliaments, free elections and freedom of speech within Parliament, known today as Parliamentary Privilege. -
The main aim of this legislation was to ensure a Protestant succession to the English throne. In 1707, as a result of the Act of Union, this Act was extended to Scotland. -
The Acts of Union, passed by the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707, led to the creation of a united kingdom to be called “Great Britain”, composed of England, Wales and Scotland, on 1st May of that year. The UK Parliament met for the first time in October 1707.