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Leoninus born
Died: 1201
Influential person: create Magnus liber, important collection of organum, worked in France -
Perontinus born
Died: 1230
Influential Figure: modernized Leoninus's Magnus liber, composer in France in style of Ars Antiqua -
Loosening of tenor rhythms
Formulation of the system of rhythmic modes
Introduction of the vernacular -
Repetition of Gregorian melisma to displace the pitch in the second statment became a favorite compositional procedure
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1200-1220
Loosening of tenor rhythms
Formulation of the system of rhythmic modes
Introduction of the vernacular -
Textual troping of melismatic polyphony in clausula, organum, and conductus
Latin motets primary focus -
Single text tossed back and forth among parts
Hallmark of large-scale troped chant settings -
1230-1250
Increase in prominance of French motet over Latin motet
Cultivation of witty, punning lyrics -
Popular for most of the 13th century
Increase in rhythmic quality of the tenor
Demonstrate secularization of motet genre -
Demonstrate musical trend towards complexity
Utlized two languages in one song: typically Latin and French -
Rhythmic modes no longer successful: increasing subdivision of brevis
Franconian rhythmic dictation -
Notre Dame tradition ceased to be a leader in music: clausulas no longer necessary
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Complicated phrase structure
Inescapable regularity of neutral beats of the breve
Mechanical way of measuring time -
Chain of melodic elements repeated in pairs
Only one melodic element stated more than twice creates a melodic ostinato -
Late 13th century
Lively tenor -
Concise tonal, temporal, and poetic form
superstrucutre designed proportionately to structure -
Musical repetitions in tenor and uper voices
Could have five-voices -
2 independent upper voices with nearly equal range and rhythmic activity
Tenor moves slower, rigid pattern -
Ciconia born
Died: 1412
Influential person: used equal discantus from Italy -
Leonel Power born
Died: June 5, 1445
Influential person: wrote motets address the cult of the Virgin - Marian antiphons
Traditional plainchant -
Motet development
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John Dunstable born
Died: December 24, 1453 wrote isorhythmic motets: Ven Sancte Spiritus -
Guillaume Du Fay was born
Died: November 27, 1474
Influential person: composer of Renaissance motets -
Include isomelism and imitation - increase in importance
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Latin
Subject matter: ceremonial
Charactistically for 3 voices (upper voices equal in range and rhythmic-melodic activity) -
Begin in 15th century
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Musical trend: motet return to primarily liturgical and devotional purpose
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Brassart born
Died: October 22, 1455 Wrote: Summus secretanrius
Equal-discantus style -
all 3 voices newly composed
Triadic harmony -
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Juxtaposition of choirs with varying numbers and different ranges
use of imiation after 1500 -
Nicolas Gombert born
Died: 1560
Influential person: thicker sonorities, use 5-6 voices in many motets, like full contrapuntal textures -
Upper voices (two) have equal melodic weight, often have close imitation
Tenor: faster rhythms, newly composed
Divided into two halves -
Johannes Ockeghem born
Died: February 6, 1497
Influential person: coposer 15th century motet -
Encouraged wide travel of composers and exchange of music
Lots of church councils at time
Drew bishops and musicians from England -
Youtube Link Composer: Du Fay
Equal discantus style -
Youtube Link Composer; Du Fay
Treble-dominated
Simple homophony in English discant sytle
CHanson format
equal discantus
Full isorhythm -
Texts were no longer like to cantus firmus of the gradual of the Mass.
Cult of the Virgin -
Youtube Link
Date unknown
Composer: Du Fay Tenor cantus firmus
Four voices spread more evenly over ranges of standard human voice -
Johannes Regim born
Died: 1496 Cantus firmi -
Antoine Busnoys born
Died: November 6, 1492
Influential person: composer 15th motet -
Died: 1432
Composer of equal-discantus style
Tota pulchra es -
Isorhythmic motets decrease in popularity as isorhythmic composition increase in cyclic mass Ordinary settings
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Youtube LinkJean Mouton born
Died: October 30, 1522
Contemporary of Josquin: France
Influential person: balanced melodic lines, clear formal structures -
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Ockeghem
top voice in vernacular
Use of pre-existing melody as tenor cantus firmus -
Scored for four voices (not five)
No cantus firmus
Predominantely syllabic style -
Born: exact date unknown
Died: August 27, 1521
Influentiel person: key in development late 15th - early 16th -
Late 15th century
Josquin des Prez
successive points of imitation -
Youtube link
Composer: Josquin Imitation!
Successive points of imitation, homophonic declamation, free contrapuntal writing, contrasting textures and timbres from alternation of duos and trios, rhythmic variety from shift binary meter to ternary -
Manuscript choirbook
Includes 41 motets -
Nicolas Gombert born
Died: 1560
Netherlands:
Influential person: contemporaries of Josquin, used syntactic imitation, had thick sonorities -
Constanzo Festa born
Died: April 10, 1545
Influential person: Italy, contemporary Josquen
Practice of writing motets for divided choir -
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Leading composers: Juan de Anchieta & Francisco de Penalosa
Write similar to Netherlanders style
Use of cantus firmus, syntactic imitation, fuller sonorities and homophonic texture -
Characteristics of Franco-Flemish musicians
Enjoyed Josquin
Protestant: sing in vernacular -
Palestrina born
Died: February 2, 1594
Influential person: 16th century motet composer
Conservative style: chant important melodic element, use contrasting pairs, alternate between imitative polyphony and homophony -
Orlande de Lassus born
Died: June 14, 1594
Spain
Influential person: style freer than Palestrina, wide repertory of rhetorical gestures -
Born: 1548
Died: August 20, 1611
Spain
Influential person: 16th century composer motets, "Spanish Palestrina" -
Giovanni Gabrieli born
Died: August 12, 1612
Influential person: development of the split chorus, 'mixed concertato' style of the large motet using solo voices, instruments, full choir, and orchestra -
Lodovico Grossi da Viadana born
Died: May 2, 1627
Influential person: first to use organ continuo, advocates smallgroups -
Died: November 6, 1672
Influential person: renounce madrigalism emphasis
Sought balance between contrapuntal organization and musical interpretation of text
Late style: emphasis on detached, harmonically orientated sound -
Died: 1630
Influential person: led small motets to popularity in Venice -
Polychordal style develop in Italy in early 16th century
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Rise of concertato motet to high artistic level thanks to the compositions of Grandi, Donati, Anerio, Agazzari, and Cifra
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Liedmotette
Chorale motet
Spruchmotette -
Youtube Link
Composer: Viadana -
In vogue in Venice
1-2 voices with violins and continue -
The addition of madrigal elements to motets resulting in what came to be known as 'sacred madrigals'
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Key composers: Jean Veillot, Thomas Gobert, and Nicolas Forme
Instruments used to double the chorus
This form of motet was the groundwork for the grand motet -
Died: February 24, 1704
Influential person: used conservative harmonic vocabulary and uses primarily homophonic textures BUT used 4-part voices instead of 5-part
Composer of grands motets and petit motet -
Sonatas and concertos replaced motets in the church
Motets moved to opera houses and were written by composers such as Cavalli, Legrenzi, and Ziani who were as well known for their sacred music as their secular -
Created by Scarlatti, Durante, and Leo - the orchestral motet assumed elements of opera including recitative and da capo aria schemes.
Handel wrote orchestral motets while in Rome -
Developed to offer a less demanding and more practical alternative to the large vocal concerto
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Du Mont introduced these two types of motet to France between 1652-1671.
Petit motet: 1-3 voices and continuo, light polyphony, echo effect, dialogue techniques, word-painting, and Italianate chains of suspensions
Grands motets: very long, have weighty homophonic choruses with unceasing speech rhythms, and are a secularized ‘concert spirituel’ without liturgical function -
Died: 18 June 1726
Influential person: composer of French grands motets in late 1600s
Known for sensitive interpretation of the texts of Latin psalms, expressed through harmonies and melodic figures -
Johann Sebastian Bach born
Died: July 28, 1750
Influential person: composed many motets including those using cantus firmus and a double chorus -
As a result of changing public preferences, the motet fell from popularity
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J.B. Eberlin born
Died: June 19, 1762
Influential person: Latin motets prior to 1830, composed over 300 motets
Located in Salzburg, Austria -
I was unable to locate date of birth or death
Influential person: student of J.S. Bach, composed Protestant 18th century motet, works demonstrated modest achievements of 18th century motets
Work included 15 double chorus motets -
G.A. Homilius born
Died: June 2, 1785
Influential person: student of J.S. Bach, composed Protestant 18th century motet, works demonstrated modest achievements of 18th century motets
Works included 60+ motets after 1755 -
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Died: December 14, 1788
Influential person: composer of 18th century Protestant motet -
[Youtube Link](December 23, 1716, Quedlinburg, GermanyDied: December 29, 1785)J.H. Rolle born
Died: December 29, 1785
Influential person: wrote over 60 Protestant 18th century motets, includes "Alles Fleisch ist wie Gras" -
Youtube Link Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach
Importance: composition by Bach, example of Protestant motet -
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Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach born
Died: January 26, 1795
Influential person: composer of Protestant 18th century motet -
Michael Haydn born
Died: August 10, 1806
Influential person: writer of Latin motets prior to 1830, influenced style of Mozart
Style: brightly coloured, extrovert works, with little aspects of strong personal faith -
Stylistic developments in secular music resulted in a far removal from the tradition of church music
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Development of four-part chorus, orchestra, and sometimes solo voices in Latin motet prior to 1830
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1750-1899
Anglican churches sing in translation the music of Tallis and Byrd -
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born
Died: December 5, 1791
Influential person: composer of Latin motets prior to 1830
Style: brightly coloured, extrovert works, little emphasis on strong personal faith
Most works: four-part chorus with orchestra of symphonic preportion (some solo voices) -
Youtube link Composer: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Exception to Mozart's typical style: intimate, expressive homophony, simple accompaniament of strings and continuo -
Franz Liszt was born.
Death: July 31, 1886
Influential composer on 19th century Latin motet -
Giuseppe Verdi
Death: January 27, 1901
Influential Person: Latin motet composer of 19th century -
Founded by Alexandre Choron
Location: France
Studies: performnce of Reanissance music, Gregorian chant, and 16th-century polyphony -
Charles Gounod born
Died: October 18, 1893
Influential person: composer of Latin motets in the 19th century in France
Works include: Motets solennels 1856-66, three volumes of Chants sacres (1878) -
Anton Bruckner born
Died: October 11, 1896
Influential person: composer of Latin, 19th century motets, revived style of Viennese school in some motets, most motets unaccompanied or only organ
Motets: peak in Catholic motet of late 19th century -
The Cecilian movement sought a rejection of the symphonic church music of the early 19th century and desired a return to the simpler a cappella motets of the late Renaissance. Results: Renewed interest in music of Palestrina, Tallis, Byrd, and Lassus
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Johannes Brahms
Death: April 3, 1897
Influential person: Composer of Protestant motet during 19th century -
Pope Pius X born
Died: August 20, 1914
Influential person: influnced musical trends of the 20th century -
Charles Stanford born
Died: March 29, 1924 Influential person: composer of 20th century Latin motets -
Youtube link Composer: Anton Bruckner
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Youtube link Composer: Franz Liszt
Importance: contrasts sharply with typical flamboyant piano works. Uses only chorus and organ -
Youtube Link Composer: Brahms
Importance: use of biblical text (not mass text), in German, important place in 19th century German motet, uses Brahms's personal style
Uses double chorus -
Anglican churches began to sing Latin motets in their original words Motet took second place to the anthem in original church music
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Motu proprio: established by Pope Pius X Importance: favored Gregorian chant and Palestrina's style as model for sacred music
Advocated the avoidence of the fullness of motet -
Youtube Link Composer: Charles Stanford
Importance: Repertory of most English cathedrals -
Bernard Naylor born
Died: May 19 or 20, 1986
Influential person: composer of English 20th century motets -
Sample Link Composer: Naylor
Importance: landmark in the development of the motet in England
