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Cause of death is now reported.
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1st sanitary conference held in Paris. Fails to produce intl sanitary convention (not enough states ratify). Inspired by Cholera epidemics and geared towards prevending disease transmission via trade.
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from first recognition of cholera as an international issue to the acceptance of waterborne spread of cholera via V. cholera.
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One of the earliest examples of nursing interventions on battlefront. Russians, British, French, and Ottoman Turks alike are treated by Mary Seacole. Florence Nightingale reconizes importance of sanitation, nutrition and healthcare staffing.
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John Snow demonstrates Cholera to be a water borne illness through a case study of the broad street pump.
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Held in Paris and included no medical delegates. Lasted 5 months at the end of which a new draft convention was agreed upon by a majority of the delegates. Despite this no other action was taken.
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Founded by Henri Dunant to protect victims if intl and ntl armed conflicts.
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Max von Pettenkoffer revises 1855 proposal of airborne spread of cholera, but maintaines theory of airborne transmission. Filippo Pacini’s isolation of Vibrio cholerae in 1854 is ignored.
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All four so far focused on Cholera. Still no intl document produced.
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US convenes in Washington, DC to persuade intl community to require ships leaving their home ports and traveling to US to carry a certified bill of health, The motion fails. On a more positive note, US delegate Carlos Findlay brought attention to yellow fever proposing an "intermediate agent" involved in the spread of the disease.
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Clara Barton, a nurse that provided medical care to soldiers on both sides of the Battle of Bull Run founded this society based on the ICRC model.
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Charged by congress to screen passengers arriving in USA for infectious diseases. The NIH is a major funder for research in the USA and for global health research via the Fogarty Intl Center est in 1868 by US president Lundon B Johnson.
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"Delegates unanimously approved an international treaty for the first time in 41 years to establish maritime quarantine regulations for ships traveling from East to West via the newly built Suez Canal." The focus here still Cholera. Pacini's views still ignored.
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2nd intl convention signed. this time the focus was on plague.
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Alexandre Yersin discovers etiologic agent for Plague.
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"International Sanitary Bureau of the Americas is established in Washington, D.C., as the world's first permanent international health organization. The organization will later become PAHO (1958) , the WHO Regional Office for the Americas. International Central Bureau for the Campaign against Tuberculosis is founded in Berlin.
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The International Sanitary Conferences provided a forum for medical administrators and researchers to discuss not only cholera but also other communicable diseases. Ultimately, this spirit of international cooperation inaugurated in 1948 the World Health Organization, an agency of the United Nations, to direct and coordinate intergovernmental health activities. In 1965, the Judicial Commission of the International Commission on Bacteriological Nomenclature, responsible for the naming of bacteria
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Office International d'Hygiène Publique (OIHP) is created in Paris by the Rome Agreement, signed by 12 European countries. The new organization includes a permanent secretariat and committee of senior public health officials. In 1946 it is dissolved and its epidemiological service is absorbed into the WHO.
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Coordinates activities between Red Cross and Red Cresent societies. Five founding member societies: Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States. Based in Geneva, Switzerland
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Final International Sanitary Conference is held in Paris. Conseil Sanitaire, Maritime, et Quarantenaire (forerunner to the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office) in Alexandria is handed over to Egypt.
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Obligates member nations to promote health among other human rights as a way of achieving peace among nations.
"The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic, or social condition” -
24 June
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1 Everyone has the rt to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and the rt to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 2 Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children . . shall enjoy the same social protection.
UNGAR217AIII -
First issued in 1892 7th Intl Sanitary Conference.
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Discusses the primacy of wealth over medicine and public health as determinants of health.
4 studies published from 1955 and 1972
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447153/ -
Largely in response to Biafrian ceccesion and dissatisfaction with WHO and Intl Red Cross seeming complicity with Nigerian gov't.
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Recognizes "the right of everyone to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health."
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The birth of 'selective primary care.' Conference based on the Julia Walsh and Kenneth S. Warren paper titled "Selective Primary Health Care, an Interim Strategy for Disease Control in Developing Countries."
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Obligates "states parties [to] recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health."
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GAVI alliance
- World Health Organization, WHO
- United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF
- The World Bank Group
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Governments of donor countries
- Governments of developing countries
- Vaccine industry of developing countries and industrialised - countries
- Research and technical health institutes
- Civil society organisations
- Independent individuals
(via Wikipedia August 3, 2010) -
