-
Presence of a hieroglyph signifying ‘’interpreter’’ or ‘’interpreting’’.
Earliest references to interpreters. -
Aramaic was the diplomatic language. The Jewish faith relied on interpreters.
-
This practice became obligatory in the synagogue. It was read in public in both languages, verse by verse. Initially in Aramaic, then into Greek and Arabic. It's still obligatory for the Jemenite.
-
These regions began to make connections due to cultural, commercial and political reasons. Interpreters facilitated the spread of Islam by translating preachers’ speeches into the local languages.
-
Christian missionaries used interpreters to win converts, so they made contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples in the Americas. They needed to communicate due to cultural reasons, commercial exchange, conquest and conflict resolution.
-
They taught them the language and used them for interpreting (although many escaped). Besides, slaves learned the language by what is called ‘immersion’ today and were sold with that ability.
-
Native interpreter who served conqueror Cortéz (She spoke the language of Aztecs and Mayas, also Spanish) from 1519 to 1524.
-
Until this time, Latin was used as a lingua franca, a medium of communication between people speaking different languages. It was the language of the church, science, letters, diplomacy in Europe. Interpreting is mentioned in Late Latin literature.
-
The prestige of the French court of Louis XIV contributed to this fact.
-
The president proceeded into the wilderness to establish contact with Indians and relied on a number of interpreters.
-
This period gave rise to international organizations in such fields as railroads and telecommunications. Consecutive interpreting emerged as a distinct activity performed by a body of professionals who were visible to larger international groups.
-
The French expedition to the Middle East contains numerous references to the work of translators and interpreters (French and Arabic) Jean-Michel Venture de Paradis was one of the most iconic ones.
-
It became acceptable for the representative of a nation to use the official language of that nation.
-
She was a well-known figure who served as the interpreter to the Lewis and Clark expedition and spoke the language of Indian tribes and English.
-
In the early part of the 20th century, the teaching of interpreting techniques as a different discipline apart from language training began to be taken seriously.
-
He spoke English and French. He was among the best interpreters of the Paris Peace Talks who served as an interpreter between the British and French. He was gifted with an exceptional memory and could interpret whole discourses without taking notes.
-
Interpreters played a critical role in these negotiations, beginning with armistice talks culminating in Paris Conference of 1919.
-
French lost the privileged status as the language of diplomacy. Victors of the war made accommodations with respect to language because English was increasingly supplanting it. Both English and French became the official languages of the conference itself and the documents emanating from it.
-
Consecutive interpreting began to be considered too difficult, especially when more than two languages were involved. Special equipment for simultaneous interpreting (a system of earphones and microphones) was developed by the International Business Machines (IBM) and introduced to the League of Nations.
-
The first system for simultanoeus interpreting was first put into use in 1927 (in combination with consecutive interpreting).
-
It was at the International Congress of Physiology in Leningrad. The inaugural address was given by Nobel laureate Ivan Pavlov.
-
This happened in the sphere of international relations during World War II because the activities of the League of Nations (used English, French and Spanish) were curtailed.
-
Universities: Genova, Vienna, Mainz/Germersheim, Saarland, Georgetown, Heidelberg). The development of formal interpreting training had led to the emergence of a field of studies in its own right.
-
The equipment was used again at a conference. However, conditions were far from ideal. Interpreters sat in a basement beneath the speakers’ platform and the shuffling of feet overhead.
-
After the end of World War II, requirements for interpretation grew more complex as the number of languages increased (six official languages).
-
He served as a simultaneous interpreter and was the chief of interpreting and translation services at Nuremberg Trials and World War II.
-
To be used as an alternative or in combination with consecutive interpretation.
-
Equipment significantly improved.
-
It began mainly with the enlargement of the European Community (now the European Union).
-
Today, consecutive interpreting is still used in the context of court and community interpreting. On the other hand, simultaneous interpreting, greatly enhanced by sophisticated technology, is now widespread in most intergovernmental agencies and at multilingual conferences around the world.
