Socials - British Civil War, American Revolution, French Revolution and Industrial Revolution
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Magna Carta (The Great Charter of the Liberties of England) was the first document forced onto a King of England by a group of his subjects.
- limited his powers by law and protect people's privileges. -
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Montesquieu -famous for his articulation of powers - model of a governance of a state with judiciary, legislature, executive
Locke • Believed people had right to overthrow government if they didn't protect people's natural rights
Rousseau: Believed people are good but are destroyed by government and modern society - wanted to get rid of all titles
Voltaire - believed monarchy was in some ways good for society, he hated injustice
Hobbes - social contract -
Had 4 daughters and 3 sons
survived: Henry Prince of Whales, Elizabeth - Queen of Bohemia, Charles - Sucessor- when Anne was delayed by storms he believed witches caused it
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Don't know date
- He was obsessed with witches and witch hunts after visiting Denmark -
• Is short - 5ft 4inch
• has disabilities but is determined and arrogant, great patron of the arts -
He succeeded Elizabeth I, when she died, and became James I
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• Believed in the Divine Right of Kings
* Intelligent man but had a talent for doing the wrong thing
• He gave incompetent advisors titles. His favourite was The Duke of Buckingham (gay friend) - insulted many nobles
• Didn't consult parliament - always running out of money so he was always finding new sources
• When he did call parliament they only agreede to increasing taxes if he gave more powers to parliament
• Allied with the Church of England (disliked Puritans)
• Encouraged games, fun -
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby.
They tried to blow up the House of Lords, as they were upset that he was Protestant and not Catholic (like them) -
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• no actual date
• called a great piece of English Literature -
He wanted to rule without Parliament.
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Died due to stomach problems - succeeded by son Charles
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- very short King
- follows in the footsteps of his father
- likes a life of extravagance
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• Henrietta married Charles by proxy on 11 May 1625, shortly after his accession to the throne.
• They were then married in person at St. Augustine's Church, Canterbury, Kent, on 13 June 1625 -
He liked an extravagant life
- at first he relied upon his Father's favourite the Duke of Buckingham
- constantly needed mor emoney - imposed ship money, tunnage and poundage and the Court of Star Chamber -
• is friends with Buckingham (like Dad)
• dismisses parliament
• taxes in illegal ways - Lord Stafford
• Court of Star Chamber - unfair and secret
• needs money - parliament forces him to sign petition of rights
* Laud suggests imposing prayer books on Presbyterians in Scotland
• riots break out so Charles needs money for war from parliament (parliament - puritans) - marches to Scotland
• dismisses parliament creates long parliament
• grand remonstrance passes barely
* tries to arrest 5MPs -
- NO SPECIFIC DATE
- does this after it threatens to impeach Buckingham
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The Petition of Right is a major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing. Passed on 7 June 1628, the Petition contains restrictions on non-Parliamentary taxation, forced billeting of soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and restricts the use of martial law.
Charles needed money, and would only recieve it if he signed the document -
- Friend of James V and Charles 1, but Charles agrees to get rid of him and remove him power due to his deal with Parliament
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• has alliented English people on religious and political grounds
• attempts to force the Scots to worship in the style of the Church of England (who are presbyterians) - gives prayer books
• Thousands of Presbyterians sign covenant to resist his demand - results in revolt -
- NO SPECIFIC DATE • He needed money to pay for soldiers to quell revolt, so he calls parliament
- "Short parliament" called in 1640
- Parliament sympathizes for Scots (as are Puritans)
- Within 3 weeks Charles shuts down this parliament (but still has no money)
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• bringing his eleven-year Personal Rule to an end.
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The King dissolves the Short Parliament when MPs refuse to grant him subsidies for war against Scotland.
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during the Second Bishops' War between a Scottish Covenanter army led by General Alexander Leslie and English royalist forces commanded by Edward, Lord Conway.
- Charles I had no choice but to agree to a truce, under which the Scottish army in northern England would be paid daily expenses, pending a final treaty of peace. To raise the necessary funds Charles had to call the Long Parliament (this set in motion a process that would lead to the outbreak of the English Civil War two years later) -
The Treaty of Ripon was an agreement signed by Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Scottish Covenanters on 26 October 1640, in the aftermath of the Second Bishops' War.
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his illeagal ways of getting money (billeting, tunnage and poundage, ship money, and selling titles)
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The Long Parliament of England was established on 3 November 1640 to pass financial bills, following the Bishops' Wars.
- deciding how much power a king has by right
- passes Grand Remonstrance (barely)
- not dismissed for a long time -
Charles gave into Parliament and turned in Lord Stafford
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The Triennial Act passed, guaranteeing that Parliament will be called at least once every three years.
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He is to be executed
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He gave into Parliament
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Parliament abolishes the courts of High Commission and Star Chamber; the Council of Wales and the North abolished; powers of the Privy Council suppressed.
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The House of Commons passes a resolution for the destruction of altar rails, crucifixes and other 'innovations' introduced under the Laudian reforms.
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- Long Pariament
- Barely passed (commons divided)
- Some wanted the King to still rule
- Leads Charles to march in and try and regain control
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Changes role of KIng in government and removes many of his powers
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The King fails in his attempt to arrest the Five Members regarded as his leading opponents in Parliament.
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Popular support for Parliament forces the King and royal family to leave London.
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Civil War Begins
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Parliament passes the Militia Ordinance, despite the King's objection
The Militia Ordinance was a piece of legislation passed by the Long Parliament of England in March 1642, which was a major step towards the Civil War between the King and Parliament of England -
April 1642: When the London mob made life too dangerous for King Charles I in the capital, he moved to York, bringing his family and court with him
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Sir John Hotham prevents the King and his entourage from entering Hull, the site of England's main northern arsenal.
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The Nineteen Propositions passed by Parliament, requiring the King to give up control of the militia and the right to appoint ministers.
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The fleet declares for Parliament and accepts the Earl of Warwick as its Admiral.
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The first military action of the English Civil War takes place when a Royalist raiding party approaches Hull to burn down buildings outside the town walls, but is driven away by gunfire from the defenders.
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King Charles raises the royal standard at Nottingham Castle. King and Parliament now at war.
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The King's army withdraws to Oxford which remains the Royalist capital for the rest of the war.
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New Model army defeats the Royalist army
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New model army defeats royalist army
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Accused of treason (accused of treasonoverthrowing against/overthrowinghimself)
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Cromwell and Parliament remove 143 Presbyterian members leaving only 60 members (Rump Parliament).
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There he secured Leinster, Ulster and munster for the commonwealth before he leaves
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Denior military officers name Cromwell Lord Protector
- he divided country up into districts ruled by major generals -
Richard Cromwell is successor (decided by Srmy and Council)
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- afterwards, James II becomes king (but he is Catholic, wheras most of England was anti-Catholic. He still gives political positions to his catholic friends - against Test Act. As well he believes in the divine right of Kings and Catholicism)
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It doesn't allow annyone who is not part of the Church to be in political office (no catholics)
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Parliament chooses monarchy (first time ever). They are chosen as they are protestant (Mary is James's daughter though). They must agree to the bill of rights.
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Mary and William of orange sign the bill of Rights
- ensured Parliament was the true government
- people can petiton the King
- elections of members of parliament are free
freedom of speech -
People really starting to adopt enclosure, and are consolidating land into larger more productive firleds
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Jethro Tull created the Seed Drill which helped culitvate the land faster and more efficently.This invention helped begin the Agriculture Revolution, which helped with the food supply for the Industrial Revolution.
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Thomas Newcomen created the first steam engine which was used to pump water out of the mines. He helped begin the Industrial Revolution with this invention of steam power. It harnessed the power of compressed steam. It provided a solution for the problem of a lack of power in the factoories.
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- Don't know specific year (between when he retired and died) He found that by growing for crops - turnips, barley, grasses and wheat in rotation (one each year then rotate). This allowed the land to be continually used (no need to be fallowed for a year). This helped productivity as one year the plants took the nutrients and the next yaer the crop replenished it.
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The "flying shuttle" was invented by John Kay. It made weaving much faster and allowed large looms to be operated only by one person. Used springs and levers to pull the shuttle back after it had crossed the threads.
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This soon allowed cast iron products to be available everywhere. It could be used from pots to bridge supports. England became the world's leading cast iron producer. Coal industry grew with the cast iron industry (as coal is used in its manufacture).
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- No actual date
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Important as it improved transportation, which was a key component of the Industrial Revolution (producing items and transporting them to other areas)
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- signed in agreement after Britain's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War
- Quebec under british Military Rule (culture continues on as normal)
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George announces that land west of the Appalachian Mountains (Ohio Valley and West) were not open for speculation, those who were there are ordered out.
Natives stay on their land, but Colonists feel like second-class citizens -
James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny, which revolutionized the textile industry. His improvements to his machine by the late 1700s allowed 80 threads to be working at a time. It was a device, driven by a hand-cranked wheel, which allowed a spinner to spin multiple threads at a time. This spinner could to the work of multiple spinners. His invention definitely pushed and improved the Industrial Revolution
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A small tax, like a Good and Services Tax on many goods and some government services. Tax was in the form of a stamp that people had to buy and stick on everything. It was supposed to pay for the cost of defending the American colonies. Officers sent to enforce the tax were often attacked, tarred and feathered. Houses of government officials were destroyed. Protests and lawlessness scared English Parliament. Many politicians and English people, sided with the Americans. - Removed in 1766
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Inter-colonial organization that had public demontrations (mostly upper and middle class, but wanted all classes to participate)
The group was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to take to the streets against the taxes by the British government. They are best known for undertaking the Boston Tea Party in 1773, which led to the Intolerable Acts -
- due to protests and bad reaction (tarring and feathering officers)
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- he brought British textile technology to America
- known as "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"
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This invention improved the spinning. Richard Arkwright developed the Water Frame. It was a way of of spinning yarn using rollers. Improved the strength of the yarn being spun.
Later, Samuel Compton created the "mule", which combined the best features of the spinning Jenny and the Water Frame. -
August 15: Napoleon Bonaparte born in Ajaccio, Corsica
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Britain was making more moves that angered the Colonists.A mob of protesters gathered on King Street. Boston, in front of a sentry who stood on guard at the customs house.Initially it was a small group that grew to over 400 people The Americans taunted the soldiers and clubbed Montgomery The soldiers then fired and 11 men were killed (plus 2 later due to injury)
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In May of 1773 the British Parliament gave the struggling East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea to America. Parliament also reduced the duty the colonies would have to pay for the imported tea. It was cheaper than other tea, but if the colonies paid the duty tax on the imported tea they would be acknowledging Parliament's right to tax them.
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In reaction to the Tea Act some members of the Sons of Liberty , lead by Samuel Adams, disguised themselves as Native Americans (Mohawks). They then climbed on to 3 ships and dumped 45 tons of tea into the harbor. They said it was a principled protest and the only remaining option that people had, to defend their constitutional rights
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Quebec Act changes Quebec to a British Colony - not just land under military rule
*not actual date -
- in response to Boston Tea Party - closed Boston Port until East India Tea company had been repaid
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19 years old
He had an enormous responsibility, as the government was deeply in debt, and resentment to 'despotic' monarchy was on the rise. Louis also felt woefully unqualified for the job. -
- allowed the govenor to move trials od accused royal officials to another colony (or even to Great Britain) if he believed the official could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts. inconinient for witnesses (could go but would have to leave their work)
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It altered the government of Massachusetts, as almost all positions in the colonial government were to be appointed by the governor or the king. It also limited the activities of town meetings in Massachusetts to one meeting a year (unless the Governor calls for one).
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- applied to all colonies - more effective method of housing British troops in America - allowed a governor to house soldiers in other buildings if suitable quarters were not provided
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- meets in Philadelphia and issues Declaration and Resolves discussing what to do - Joseph Galloway proposes Grand Council in a document of A Plan of Union of Great Britain. So each colony would have a representative in colonial parliament and through their president general (assigned by king) would would represent them in England - represents both (middle man)-This doesn’t pass due to issues in Boston hence it is not accepted-Declaration on Oct 14th, established the course of the congress
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James Watt improved Newcomen's steam engine. He figured out a way to get the maximum use out of the steam being produced form the engine. His new engine was much more practical and efficent, producing realitively little waste. Watt adapted the engie so it could be used to drive machines. He solved the problem of powering the factory age.
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- First major battle of the Ameican Revolution
- "shot heard round the world"
- Britisg Coming as it was an arms depot, Battle at lexington slowed them down, by the time they got to concord all the weaponsw ere gone and the Americans were waiting for them in force (knew ahead due to paul Revere)
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- they decided that they would create the Continental army and named George Washington Commander and Chief.
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British won
- Americans didn't shoot until they saw the whites of the britishe's eyes (depleated British) -
- to declare independence from Britsin and to create a democratic republic - written by Thomas Jefferson - 56 members of Continental Congress signed it
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First real battle in the American Revolution
- first of many Washinfton escapes -
famous american victory
- Washington crooses the Delaware
- after Christmas
- surprised druken hessians
- got 900 prisonersbattle was 45 minutes -
Burgoyne's 3 pronged plan failed - so he surrendered
This convinced French to help Americans - gave them money, ships, ammunition -
General cornwallis was defeate by George Washington
- last major battle in the American Revolution
- American forces pursued Cornwallis by land while French ships surrounded the bay of Yorktown -
Steam powered mills put into the factories
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Graduates from Ecole Militaire with the rank of second lieutenant in the artillery.
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- called in Versailles to discuss and approve a new tax plan as France was in Financial Crisis
- was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General, - a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the common people (Third Estate)
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A few liberal nobles and many clergy join the movement of the Third Estate.
- Tennis Court Oath: After being locked out of their meeting room, deputies of the Third Estate assembled on a tennis court and swore not to separate until a constitutional regime was established. -
The National Assembly proclaims itself the Constituent National Assembly, with full authority and power to decree laws; their primary task is to draw up and adopt a constitution.
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Third Estate storms the Bastille to get the guns, and destroy the building
- flashpoint to the Fench Revolution -
Eliminated duties of lower class peasants called serfs (people are basically saying no more feudal systems)
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it is a fundamental document of the French Revolution
- defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal.
- the rights of man are held to be universal -
Parisians, led by a large number of women, march upon Versailles and force the royal family back to Paris, where they take up residence at the Tuileries.
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- law passed confiscated the Church's French land holdings
- It also sought to settle the chaos caused by the earlier confiscation of Church lands and the abolition of the tithe
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The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the Absolute Monarchy of the Ancien Régime. One of the basic precepts of the revolution was adopting constitutionality and establishing popular sovereignty, following the steps of the United States of America.
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- trying to start a counter-revolution
- many other wealthy families had already left
- They wanted to hide in Austria due to Marie's heritage, and hoped they would find safety in their newly found French Austrian agreement.
- Their escape only led them as far as the small town of Varennes, where they were recognized and immediately arrested.
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- Helped King Louis' situation (could re-instste him as King)
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- comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly of France and sat from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795
- It held executive power in France during the first years of the French First Republic
- Prominent members of the original Convention included Maximilien Robespierre of the Jacobin Club, Jean-Paul Marat
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He has 33 charges
(26 deputies away but remaining 693 vote d"yes" to guilty)
- Was then executed -
By guillotine
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Took place at Place de la Révolution (Revolution Square)
- found guilty
- first victim of the Reign of Terror -
Fearing opposition within the country, revolutionary leaders began a crackdown that became known as the Reign of Terror. This period lasted for 11 months in 1793 and 1794. The constitution was suspended and anyone who critized the revolution was targeted. About 17,00 were sentenced to Death.
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- (don't know exact date)
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- Robespierre "controlled" the Great Reign of Terror
- killed by guillotine
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- he controlled the Great Reign of Terror (many deaths)
- he was the final victim of the reign of terror
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- killed by guillotine
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August 9–20: Napoleon is imprisoned under suspicion of being a Jacobin and a supporter of Robespierre.
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Begins his journey of being a great leader
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November 17: Napoleon wins the Battle of Arcole
The Battle of Arcole or Battle of Arcola (15–17 November 1796) saw a bold manoeuvre by Napoleon Bonaparte's French Army of Italy to outflank the Austrian army under József Alvinczi and cut its line of retreat. -
January 14: Napoleon wins the Battle of Rivoli
October 17: Treaty of Campo-Formio with Austria.
December 5: Napoleon returns to Paris as a hero -
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- not actual date (just 1799)
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- passed to improve working conditions in factories
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Introduction of the Civil Code (also known as Code Napoleon)
Also in May, Napoleon proclaimed Emperor by the Senate. -
Crowns himself (takes crown from pope)
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Napoleon escapes from Elba - was exiled there by other leaders in Europe. Returns to Paris on March 20th
- he hears he is needed again -
Napoleon is exiled to Saint Helena (second time to an island in the middle of nowhere)
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Napolean dies due to stomach cancer
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In 1829, George and Robert Stephenson built a locomotive called the rocket that could pull a small train at a speed of 39km/hour. Nothing built by humans had ever travelled so fast.
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major in transportaion in England
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In 1833 the Government passed a Factory Act to improve conditions for children working in factories. Young children were working very long hours in workplaces where conditions were often terrible. The basic act was as follows:
No child workers under nine years of age
Employers must have an age certificate for their child workers
Children of:
9-13 years to work no more than nine hours a day
13-18 years to work no more than 12 hours a day
Children are not to work at night
2 hours of school / day -
- don't know date passed to help those in need - wasn't sucessful
