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The Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles inherited the Spanish throne and the title Holy Roman Emperor.
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Copernicus writes On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres, a book which advocates heliocentrism. An Italian monk who taught Copernicus’s theory was burned at the stake for heresy.
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Elizabeth I rejects Phillip II’s marriage proposal, becomes queen of England and restores Protestantism to England.
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Phillip II ruled over Spain, the Americas, parts of Italy and the Netherlands
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King Henry II of France was killed in a jousting tournament and his son Francis dies within a year (at ten years old).
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His mother rule for Catherine de Medicis ruled for him because he was ten years old. The Bourbon family was next in line for the throne if he failed, and this contributed to the French religious wars.
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Huguenot and Catholic armies began fighting eachother. one-third of French noblemen had become Huguenots and could fund their own armies. The French kings could not stop the fighting. The Bourbon family Huguenots fought the Catholic Guise family over the throne as teh Bourbons were next in line if Charles IX failed and the Guise supported Charles (Catholic).
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Elizabeth issues the 39 Articles of Religion which uses both Catholic tradition and Calvinist ideas into the Anglican Church. Puritans found many objections to the document and tried to make changes.
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Calvinists in the Netherlands revolt damaging churches. Phillip sent troops to stop the revolt but it continues.
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Moriscos (Muslim converts to Catholicism) revolt in Spain – killing priests and Christians, Phillip II responds by relocating them to other regions. This lasted until 1570.
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Phillip II of Spain joined forces with the papacy and Venice to defeat the Ottoman Empire in a naval battle on the Greek coast. This gave Spain control of the western Meditteranean.
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A marriage was arranged between Henry of Navarre (a Bourbon Huguenot) nad Maguerite de Valois (Catholic). Assasins tried to kill one of the nobles who supported Henry. catherine ordered the killing of Huguenot nobles who had come to the weddings and violence followed - 10,000 Huguenots were killed in a month and a half.
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Henry III succeed his brother Charles. He failed to produce an heir however and was followed by Henry of Navarre in 1589 after Henry III was killed by a monk for his failure to get rid of protestants in France.
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Phillip’s armies loot Antwerp for eleven days, killing seven thousand people. William of Orange leads the Protestant and Catholic provinces in getting rid of the Spanish troops. The Catholic provinces rejoin with Spain in 1579
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The king of Portugal died without an heir and Phillip II took over, gaining territory in Africa, India, and America.
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Ivan IV of Russia dies and the King of Poland-Lithuania tried to put his son on the throne of Russia.
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Mary, Queen of Scots is beheaded after Elizabeth I finds a letter in which Mary offers her rights to the English throne to Phillip II.
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Phillip sends the Spanish Armada to England but is defeated by the English who destroyed half of his ships by hurling fire into their midst.
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Jews are allowed to publicly worship in synagogues in the Dutch Republic
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Henry IV (of Navarre) ends the ultra-Catholic movement by getting Spain out of Frances and passes the Edict of Nantes which gave Huguenots some religious tolerance to worship and have their own troops and courts. This decree ended the France wars of Religion
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Shakespeare writes his play Hamlet, followed by King Lear (1605) and Macbeth (1606). These plays may be related to the rise of James I to the throne in 1603.
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James I adopts the King James Bible for the Anglican Church at the urging of the Puritans.
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Phillip III orders Moriscos out of Spain. 300,000 move to North Africa within 5 years.
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An army of Russians (peasants and nobles) drive of the Polish-Lithuanians and put Michael Romanov on the throne. He ruled until 1645 and began the line that would last until WWI.
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Archduke Ferdinand (a Catholic Hapsburg) is made king of Bohemia. The Hapsburgs now rule over the HRE and multiple other kingdoms. Ferdinand soon begins to limit the religious freedoms enjoyed by Protestants in Bohemia.
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The Religious wars begin between Catholics and Protestants in the HRE and soon involve most of Western Europe in the conflict.
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An angry crowd of Bohemian protestants defenestrate Catholic deputies in Prague in protest of the HRE's efforts to limit religious freedoms.
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Ferdinand’s armies defeat the rebelling Czechs at the battle of White Mountain.
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Hugo Grotius writes The Laws of War and Peace describing how the laws of nature should influence how the government is created not scripture. The church did not take kindly to this work and arrested Grotius.
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Charles I of England was forced by Parliament to agree to the Petition of Right (to not raise taxes without Paliament’s agreement.) Charles resented this and decided to stop calling Parliament to session.
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Ferdinand’s Edict of Restitution bans Calvinism in the HRE and takes back Catholic Church property that was taken by Lutherans.
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Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden enters Germany in support of the Protestants (and to gain power over Northern European trade). The French send monetary support to Adolphus who then defeated the HRE’s army .
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Galileo is put on trial for his observation that the earth moves and is forced to recant his theory to protect himself from death and torture.
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France joins the Thirty Years’s war by declaring war on Spain. They ally themselves with the Dutch Calvinists who are struggling for independence from Spain.
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Great Elector of Bradenburg-Prussia, Frederick Wm. Of Hohensollern gathers his territories (Bradenburg and East Prussia) into an absolutist state.
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Scottish Presbyterians revolted against the impostion of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. Charles call parliament to session for the first time in over 10 years to raise money to quell the rebellion.
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Charles enters Parliament with troops to arrest those trying to limit his power and inadvertently starts a civil war.
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Louis XIV was an absolute ruler, his reign gave rise to absolutism to FRance and in Europe and chose middle class men to work for him that owed everyhting to him. He ruled untill 1715.
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The English civil war ends, Charles surrenders and Parliament takes power
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the Levellers rebel calling for no more social difference and paid parliament with common people as members and the right to vote for all male heads of household.
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France: 1648-1653
The French revolt against Mazarin's new taxes and his refusalto give the parlements more power. City councils created their own armies to fight other cities or to fight against the royals. Urban poor also revolted. -
Ukranian Cossacks rebel against the Polish-Lithuanian king, who wanted control over the Ukraine
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The Peace of Westphalia was signed in Germany. France gained parts of Alsace and became the largest power in Europe. Sweden received Northern parts of the HRE. The Dutch became independent of Spain. The Germans and Swiss no longer were under the authority of the Hapsburg rulers of the HRE. Lutheranism dominated the North, Calvinism the Rhine and Catholicism the south.
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A new code of law was adopted in Russia. The code restricted Russians to a hereditary class, based on their job. The slaves and peasant became a class of serfs who fared little better than slaves – bound to the land and able to be sold by their nobles.
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What is left of Parliament found Charles guilt of trying to establish a tyranny and beheaded him.
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Thomas Hobbes writes Leviathan describing the pitfalls of a society without central authority. He does not mention whether a monarchy or assembly rule is better but insists upon a ruler with absolute authority.
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Cromwell fight with the Dutch Republic to increase the mercantilist policies in the Navigation Act of 1651.
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Parliament considers stopping Cromwell’s wars by splitting up his army but Cromwell gets rid of Parliament instead.
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The Cossacks ask Russia to rule the Ukraine and the Russo-Polish war begins over the territory.
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King Louis XIV tells the Paris High Court that he was the state
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A new Anglican Parliament asks Charles II (son of Charles I) to come back from exile and take the throne
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Barbados introduces a slave code that denies African all rights afforded under English law. Slavery became a hereditary class that only applied to Africans.
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Colbert takes over a trading company that found the French colonies in oder to regulate the colonial economy.
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Louis XIV puts on “The Delights of the enchanted Island” to promote his image after the religious wars.
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A Russian Orthodox church council restates the tsar’s role as God’s representative to the anger of Old Believers who starved or burned themselves rather than live to become part of a Byzantine Russian Orthodoxy.
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Colbert begins the French Royal Academy of Sciences, where fifteen scientist received government stipend to experiment.
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Stenka Razin leads the serfs in rebellion but four years later is captured, had his limbs torn off and his body parts were fed to dogs.
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Other countries try to take over the Ukraine (including Transylvania, Sweden, and Bradenburg-Prussia).
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Louis XIV fight the war of Devolution to gain the Spanish Netherlands (because the king failed to pay the dowry of Louis’ wife). He was forced to end the fighting when England, the Dutch, and Sweden jioined the war but he gained Flanders. It ends in 1668
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Louis fights the Dutch War because they were in his way of gaining more of the Spanish Netherlands. He also sent soldiers into the HRE, allying Germany, Spain and the HRE against Louis. Louis gained some Flemish towns in this war. It ends in 1678.
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Louis XIV declares that parliament cannot veto his laws or even voice their disagreement.
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Charles II’s Declaration of Indulgence nullifies all laws against Protestan dissenters and Catholic.
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Louis XIV decrees that every French city must build a hospital which will be funded by the government.
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Parliament’s Exclusion Crisis denies the English throne to any Catholic
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Mdme de Lafayette publishes a novel The Princess of Cleves but denies writing it because it was socially unacceptable for women to be authors.
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War again ensues between Austrian and the Turks over Hungary
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The Turks besiege Vienna. The Austrians ended the siege with assistance from the Polish.
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Sieur de La Salle claims the Louisiana for Louis XIV
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Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes.This closed Huguenots schools, stopped their activities, and banished those who did not embrace Catholicism.
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Louis XIV follow Barbados in introducing a “black code” limiting the legal status of slaves and barring non-Catholics from owning slaves.
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Newton publishes a book explaining his law of gravity
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The Hungarian diet accepts the rule of the Hapsburgs, who would rule until 1918.
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The Whigs ask Mary (d. of James II) and Wm. Of Orange to invade England against James and his Italian Catholic wife and son. James and his family fled and parliament gave the throne to Mary and William.
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France fights the War of the League of Augsburg. It began when Louis invade some German HRE towns and destroyed them. The League of Augsburg (Spain, England, Dutch Republic, Sweden, Austria, and German princes) fought to a stalemate in 1697. Louis returned the provinces he had taken since the last war except for Stasbourg.
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The Bill of Rights is passed in which Mary and Wm. Agree not to raise a tax or an army with the agreement of Parliament. This gave England a constitutional government
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Locke publishes his Two Treatises of Government which were anti-absolutist government.
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The Turks yield control of most of Hungary to Austria. This is the start of the end of Ottoman power.
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Frederick Wm. Of Hohensollern’s son convinces the HRE to make him King of Prussia.
