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Magna Carta was the first document in England, it limited the power of the monarchy.
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They had four daughters and three sons.
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He later became king.
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James I becomes ruler of England upon the death of Elizabeth Tudor, Queen Elizabeth I, on March 24, 1603. James had important ties to France and other Roman Catholic countries in Europe. He had been king of Scotland for twenty years before he became King of England. In 1625, he died of stomach problems.
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This event was led by the English Catholics. The plan was to blow up the House of Lords.
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The Bible was considered an amazing piece of English literature.
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He wanted to rule without Parliament.
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He was the son of James I. After his father died, he became the king of England. Charles loved art and fine possessions, causing many people complained about his extravagance. He was very narrow-minded and only asked the Duke of Buckingham for advice. Buckingham led the king into many disasters, including wars with France and Spain.
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Charles I continued to ask the Parliment for money to support his extravagant lifestyle. The Parliment would only agree to grant him money if he ceased his illegal activities and signed the "Petition of Right". The "Petition of Right" is a major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties for the citizens.
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Charles I dissolved the Parliament within three weeks, because he found little support from the Parliament and his money problem could still not be resolved.
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Charles called a new parliament which was called the Long Psrliament, established on Nov 3, 1640. However, the new Parliament was even more unfriendly to Charles. They demanded that both Strafford and Laud to be removed from power and executed.
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7th Dec, 1640
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This act was to garantee that the Parliament will be called at least once every three years.
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The king failed to arrest five oppenents from the Parliament.
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The Parliament passes the Militia Ordinace, although the King disagrees.
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At this point, the king is required the to give up control of the militia and the right to appoint ministers.
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Charles simply hoped for a quick victory, but the war lasted for seven years. The supporters of Charles were called the "Royalists" or "Cavaliers". The oppenent of Charles, were called the "Roundheads", because they cut their hair short and many Cavaliers wore long curls.
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The Rump Parliament is the English Parliament after the Long Parliament.
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He was sentenced to die as a "Tyrant, Traitor, Murderer, and public enemy to the good people of the Nation".
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Cromwell lost patience with the Rump Parliament and dismissed it by force. He divided the country into districts and ruled through major generals, each responsible for taxes and law in thier district. Some of the laws forbidded Christmas, dancing, gambling and sports. Althought the dictatorship of Cromwell was not popular, he was too strong to be resisted.
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After the death of Cromwell, the commander of the army recalled the Long Parliament and ordered the old parliament to dissolve itself for a new one. The new parliament wanted to restore the monarchy and invited Charles II to be the King of England.
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After the execution of his father, Charles I, Charles II actomactically becomes the King fo England.
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The death of Charles II created a problem for parliament, because his successor, James II, was openly Catholic. In 1678, Titus Oates caused England into gear panic by fabricating a Catholic plot to take over the nation. Nonetheless, James claimed that he believed in the Divine Right of Kings and desired to take power away from the parliament. Rebellions soon broke out and he insituted a reign of terror.
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The parliament invited Mary and William of Orange to become the Queen and King of England. They agreed to do so, causing James himself to give up his throne. For the first time, the monarch is chosen by parliament by hereditary right.
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Parliament requires William of Orange and Mary to sign the Bill of Rights. This document limits the power of monarchy.
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Seed Drill was invented by Jethro Tull. This creation allowed farmers to cultivate land more efficiently.
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Thomas Newcomen invented the first steam engine, which was used to pump water out of the mines. Steam power helped to begin the Industrial Revolution
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Abraham Darby incented a process for making better cast iron, which caused the iron and coal industries to grwo rapidly.
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French and British involvement in the war ends with Treaty of Paris.
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The Treaty of Paris, was signed by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, after Britain's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
Some important content:
1. Great Britain recognized the U.S.A as free and independent.
2. America and Great Britain would pay each other's respective pre-war debts. -
Cut off land speculation to West of Appalachian Mountains (colonists could not move to Oho valley, natives were happy because colonists could not move into their land.)
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The Spinning Jenny was an extremely useful device created by James Hargreaves. The device is driven by a handcranked wheel, which allowsed a spinner to spin off a number od threads at the same time. This means one spinner could do teh work of serveal spinners.
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Happened two years after the Seven Years War (Britain deep in debt). Made Americans pay a small tax on many goods and most government services, the money was to cover cost of defending American colonies. Many colonists were angry because they had no representation in British parliament and were being taxed without their consent.
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The Massacre began when citizens started attacking a British sentinel by throwing snowballs, stones and oyster shells. The Private Montgomery was struck onto the ground, recovered, and fired his musket. He admitted he yelled, “ Damn you fire”. The soldiers fired into the crowd.
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British began to discover strip-farming methods. Jethro Tull realized that by growing four crops in rotation(turnips in the first year,barley in the second year ,grasses in the thrid year and wheatin teh forth year) can produce four times as much crop as the land use to produce.
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The Tea Act was designed to help the British. The East India company were in finical problems and they endeavoured to undercut the price of tea smuggled into the colonies. It actually reduced the price of tea.
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The Boston Tea Party happened because the British were asking the colonies for high taxes, so the colonists rebelled and dumped the tea from the tea ships into the British Harbor. The main reason for the Boston Tea Party was in response to the Tea Act of 1773 and it was lead by Samuel Adams. The British made the Intolerable Act as a consequence to the Tea Party.
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Louis XVI takes the throne of France at the age of 19.
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This is one of the "Intolerabal Acts". The Boston port was colosed until East India Company was repaid for destroyed tea (Boston Tea Party)
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This is one of the "Intolerable Acts".
• Allowed governor to move trails of accused royal officials to another colony or Britain if thought they would get unfair trail in Massachusetts• Although act stipulated witnesses would be paid for travel expenses but few colonists could afford to leave their work -
This is one of the "Intolerable Acts".
• Provoked even more outrage than the Boston Port Act, made government of Massachusetts under control of British government • Almost all positions in colonial government were appointed by the government or the king• Limited activities of town meeting to once a year, unless Governor calls for one (other colonies feared their government could now also be changed by the legislative, ruling of Parliament) -
This is one of the "Intolerable Acts".
• Applied to every colony• In previous act, colonies had been required to provide housing for soldiers but colonial legislatures had been uncooperative in doing so• New Quartering Act allowed a governor to house soldiers in other buildings if suitable quarters were not provided -
This is one of the "Intolerable Acts".
• Made Quebec a British colony • Made Quebec larger• Prevented the Americans westward expansion• Recognized importance of Catholic Church and introduced English criminal law • Contained secret instructions to suppress Catholic Church -
The First Continental Congress was in response to the intolerable acts. Delegates from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia and urged resigns of Boston to ignore the intolerable acts.
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The British were sent to collect the weapons that the colonists were hiding. Luckily, the night before the British arrived, Paul Revere warned the colonists and they had time to relocate their weapons. Many small militias grabbed theirs guns and prepared for the fight.
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The second Continental Congress took place in Philadelphia. John Adams suggested that they create a “Continental Army” with troops from every colony.
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The ways of growing food, manufacturing and transportation goods completely changed in the Great Britain.
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George Washington was also the first president of the United States.
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The Battle of Bunker hill took place at Breed’s Hill 1,200 colonial troops stealthily occupied Bunker Hill. As the British drew closer, the colonists waited until they were close enough to fire. The British finally reached the top of the hill after the third attack. Although it was a victorious battle for the British, they still suffered great lost of soldiers.
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The Continental Congress and Washington decided to take over Quebec to gain forces from the French-Canadians there. Since the city was being protected by British army, they planned on attacking from different points. However, the British had a decisive victory at the end.
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The Continental Congress created a committee to write the Declaration of Independence. The youngest man in the group, Thomas Jefferson was in charged of drafting the document. He argued that everyone was born to be equal and that everyone should have the same rights.
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After the Battle of New York, the British drove out teh rest of the Americans.
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On the night of Christmas, Washington and his army crossed the Delaware River and marched on to Trenton. The drunk Hessians were taken by complete surprise. Washington did not lose a single man and he brought back 868 prisoners and 300 British troops.
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The British decided to invade and occupy Philadelphia. Commander Admiral Lord Richard Howe led the force from waters and General Sir William Howe invaded by ground forces.
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When Burgoyne’s army reached Saratoga on the Hudson River, they witnessed militia that had significantly outnumbered the small British army. However, Burgoyne still ordered an attack, but he still surrendered at the end. This war gave the colonists confidence.
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Benjamin Franklin successfully convinced the French to support the Americans. The government of France sent money, weapons and soldiers to the Continental army.
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James Watt, a Scottish machine-maker created steam engines. Ever since, most industreis closed sources of running water and replaced it with steam engines, which were much efficient and practical.
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The French soldiers helped the Americans to fight against the British in Virginia. Americans attacked British by land, while the French attacked by sea. The British had no reinforcements, so the war ended with a decisive victory for the Americans.
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The American Constitution was inspired by Locke and Montesquieu. It created a federal republic headed by an elected resident and stated the powers and limitations of government. Also, the government was separated into three braches: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
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The National Assembly, which is a new government formed by the Third estate people, meet at the Royal Tennis Courts, and took the Tennis Court Oath. They promised to continue meeting until France had a new form of government. Louis ordered the other two estates to join the National Assembly.
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The crowd broke into the royal prison known as 'the Bastille' to acquire weapons.
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The National Assembly met in Versailles and abolished all feudal rights and privileges and ended serfdom.
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Although many of these women might not even know how to spell their names, they were motivated to become fighters of the French Revolution. The price of food started to rise and the women were unhappy about the luxurious life that the King and Queen were enjoying while the citizens were starving, so they headed to Versailles. The women were angry and they planned on forcing the King and Queen to live in Paris under the watch of many soldiers.
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A new constitution established by the National Assembly in which most of the old system and noble titles were swept away. Everyone was given the title 'citizen'. It reduced the power of the Roman Catholic Church and allowed the French Government to hold power over it.
Source(s):The government seized control of the Church and its property. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen is a document passed by the National Assembly in Paris. The document setted out basic human rights that the government cannot overlook. It contains ideas taken from English philosopher John Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau.
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The King, Queen and their children were dressed as bourgeois and attapted to escape from the country. They were recognized at Varennes, and sent back to Paris.
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Bill of Rights was added into the American Consitution.
1.Freedom of expression: religion/worship, speech and press. 2.Rights to bear arms and right to form its own military 3.No soldiers in homes 4.No search without probable cause, words are needed 5.Double jeopardy 6.Rights to fair and public trial 7.Civil suits can have a jury 8.No unusual punishment, no excessive bail 9.There may be other freedoms 10.Power not held by government is power of the people -
• Lower Canada later =province of Quebec • Upper Canada later= province of Ontario • One seventh of all upper Canada land became clergy reserves and support Anglican church • Loyalists wanted to be governed differently than French- Canadians• Act divided Quebec into 2 new colonies: lower and upper Canada• Lower Canada: French/catholic/ French civil law/ French culture/heartland of old New France• Upper Canada: English speaking/protestant/ British laws and institutions
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The King, given the title "Citizen Louis Capet' was guillotined.
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Jean-Paul Marat was murdered by Charlotte Corday in his bathtub.
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During this period, the radical Joacobin had a lot of power. They passed many harsh laws to eliminate anyone who disagreed with their belives. It is estimated that over 37000 people were guillotined during this period of time.
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When Robespierre tried to condemn more people, he himself was also condemned. He was guillotined on July,28th 1794.
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The rule of Robespierre was replaced with the Directory, which was controlled by the middle class.
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Napoleon tried to destroy democracy in France.
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Napoleon's agreement to give up his titles and powers.
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130000 soidiers were involved is this war. The loss of this war ended the career of Napoleon.
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In 1829, George and Robert Stephenson built a locomotive, which was also named the "Rocket" that could pull a small train at the speed of 39km per hour.
