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Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant traveller whose travels are recorded in Livres des merveilles du monde, a book that introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China.
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Just three months after entering Granada, Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor Christopher Columbus on an expedition to reach the Indies by sailing west. Spain entered a Golden Age of exploration and colonisation, the period of the Spanish Empire.
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Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.
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-Italian
-explored the new world
-america is named after him -
Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.
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-Charles V battled for the Catholic for many times
-devided the Empire to two parts because it was too cumbersome
-Spaiin, Netherlands and some southern Italian states stayed -
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Between 1585 and 1588, he invested in a number of expeditions across the Atlantic, attempting to established a coloby near Roanoke.
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People are naturally greedy, cruel and selfish.
People signed a Social Contract, or an agreement that people will give up their freedom to live in an organized society. -
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Failure to resolve the issues before the Long Parliament led to armed conflict between Parliament and Charles I in late 1642, the beginning of the English Civil War.
Oliver Cromwell established a republic with the Parliament ruling. -
Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. The Long Parliament proved just as difficult for Charles as had the Short Parliament. It assembled on 3 November 1640 and quickly began proceedings to impeach the king's leading counsellors of high treason.
It related to English Civil war. -
-HRE and main countries of Europe were all involved
-was about religion (Martin Luther's reformation at once, later became the continuation of the France–Habsburg rivalry
-resulted the decline of the Hapsburg and the rise of Swenden and France -
Believed people were not that bad…, everyone had Natural Rights- life, liberty, and property
Believed government’s main job was to protect citizens natural rights. If violated people could overthrow government. -
The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") in the Kingdom of England over, principally, the manner of its government.
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-the civil war between the parliament and the king
-led to the execution of King Charles I and the exile of Charles II
-the republican is established by Olivier Crownwell
-English Bill of Rights was passed from parliament to the king.
Oliver Cromwell led the war. -
“L’etat, c’est moi” - “ I am the State”
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The later revocation of the Edict of Nantes in October 1685 by Louis XIV, drove an exodus of Protestants, and increased the hostility of Protestant nations bordering France.
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On 13 February the clerk of the House of Lords read the Declaration of Right and Halifax, in the name of all the estates of the realm, asked William and Mary to accept the throne. They were crowned on 11 April, swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament. The Bill of Rights is commonly dated in legal contexts to 1688. The rights expressed in this Act and others became associated with the idea of the rights of Englishmen, and described as Fundamental Laws of England.
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Felt the best way for government to protect the rights of people was to split up the government into three branches: Judicial, Legislative, Executive
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Wrote about how terrible human slavery was and how there should be religious freedom and freedom of speech.
Was sentenced to exile and wrote more about freedom of speech. -
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-Peter the great abolished the patriarchate
-Peter took power from the Church, replaced it with the holy synod
-Peter establish the Orthodox Church -
In 1792, she published her Vindication on the Rights of Woman, an important work which, advocating equality of the sexes, and the main doctrines of the later women's movement, made her both famous and infamous in her own time. She ridiculed prevailing notions about women as helpless, charming adornments in the household. Society had bred "gentle domestic brutes." "Educated in slavish dependence and enervated by luxury and sloth," women were too often nauseatingly sentimental and foolish. A confi
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-Jean-Baptiste Colbert the chief finacial advisor to King Louis contributed
-France became Europe's dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV
-French philosophers played a key role in the Age of Enlightenment during the 18th century as well -
The empire was dissolved on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (from 1804, Emperor Francis I of Austria) abdicated, following a military defeat by the French under Napoleon at Austerlitz (see Treaty of Pressburg).
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Felt that people were naturally good but were corrupted by society.
Society should not place nearly as many rules and restrictions on people. People will do what’s good for their community just naturally without rules and restrictions. -
Supported laissez faire- business should operate with little or no government interference
Government has three duties ONLY- protect society, administer justice, provide public works.
