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4th - 11th centuries
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the persecution of Christians ended
Constantine the Great (306-337) -
Christianity became a state religion in the Roman Empire
(Theodosius) -
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Otto I (936-973) -
11-13th
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craftsmen of the same profession organized craft guilds in Western Europe
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more lands were required
New techniques and better tools were needed to cultivate the lands -
11th - 14th centuries
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the struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman emperors over the right to appoint and install the Roman Catholic prelates in their position and for overall power in western Christian world
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A reform movement for the revival of the Church in the 11th century.
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the appointment of bishops and abbots in Roman Catholic Church,
the ceremony by which they were installed in their clerical offices and properties. During this ceremony they were given the symbols of their authority – the ring and the staff -
the buying and selling of clerical offices
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11th-13th century
in Western Europe – they had the same rights and obligation (right to move freely, inherit their lands, duties in kind and cash) -
Started by Venice, Genoa in the 11th century
controlled the Mediterranean region, the trade with the Near and Far East -
the split of the Christian church into two
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deprived the emperors of the right to appoint the pope and gave this right to an independent college of churchmen
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the Byzantines were defeated by the Seljuq Turks and captured Jerusalem -
He declared that:
Only the Pope has universal rights
Prelates can be appointed and replaced only by the Pope
The Pope has the right to remove the Emperor
The Pope’s judgements cannot be questioned and changed
No-one can judge over the Pope
The Roman Catholic Church is infallible -
Between Gregory VII (1073-85) and Henry IV (1056-1105)
Also between Pope Callistus II (1119-1124) and Henry V (1106-1125) -
At the synod of Worms: Henry IV rejected the decree of the Pope, refused to accept the Pope’s rule. German bishops voted that Pope Gregory VII should be deposed
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the act of punishing somebody by officially stating that they can no longer be a member of a Christian Church, especially the Roman Catholic Church
Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV from the Church -
Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV from the Church ==>> Henry sought forgiveness from the Pope at Canossa,waiting outside for three days as a barefoot penitent in the snow. Gregory forgave Henry.
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Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.
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Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont (1095). He encouraged military support for Byzantine emperor against the Seljuk Turks and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem
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holy wars for the recapture of the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks
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Crusaders recaptured Jerusalem.
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An agreement between the Church and a secular government:
The right of the investiture was shared between the Pope and the Emperor:
Pope: would appoint the prelates + install them into their offices by the ring and staff
Emperor: would install them into their church estates by the sceptre -
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merchants of Hamburg + Lübeck formed an alliance
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Frederich I's (1155-1190) chavaliers were defeted by the ary of the League of Lombard created by Pope Alexander III (1159-1181)
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Turks reconquered Jerusalem and most of the Holy Land
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The expedition wasn’t taken to the Holy Land but to Constatinople
The city was sacked and the Latin Empire was established (1204 - 1261) -
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30 000 children set off from France andGermany to Jerusalem==>> they died, were captured, sold into slavery
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The establishment of the Inquisition = the court of the Church to find and punish heretics.
It found the heretics and launched legal proceedings against them -
to control the northern and Baltic trade from Novgorod to London, and to the Flemish harbours
to secure trade (protection against pirates, providing storage for the goods, establishing trading stations) -
The power of the emperor declined in the Holy Roman Empire,no legal emperor ==>> feudal anarchy, provinces became independent
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Acre fell into the hands of the Turks and it meant the end of the holy wars
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14th-16th century
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14th - 15th centuries
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the popes took up residence at Avignon, France, instead of at Rome, because of the current political conditions
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it granted the right of the election of the emperor + complete political independence to the 7 prince-electors ==>> confirmed the fragmentation of the HRE