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Linked control of German and northern Italy to title of Emperor of the Romans, which
would change into Holy Roman Emperor. -
Papal primacy – Pope head of church, above all other clergy
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King of England and Lord of Ireland
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Called for war against turks
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Conquest of Jerusalem. In response, Muslim leaders called for a jihad.
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Recognized that bishops are not only church leaders but temporal leaders as well.
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a complete failure
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failed to conquer Italy and was forced to
recognize Italian city-states as independent of the empire -
Chancellor of Oxford University.
Roundness of the earth could be demonstrated by reason.
Mathematics is necessary to understand the physical world.
Experiments on the refraction of light -
Failed to reconquer Jerusalem.
The Kings’ Crusade -
Asserted papal primacy over all monarchs
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Sack of Constantinople.
Latin Empire in the East, 1204 – 1261.
Deep mistrust between East and West -
10,000 – 30,000 put to death
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Christians must confess their sins at least once a year.
Pronouncement of Marriage Banns.
Physical presence of Jesus in the Eucharist – Transubstantiation. -
rejected the conservative belief that
philosophy and reason would contaminate faith.
Upheld the value of human reason and natural knowledge.
Set about to reconcile Aristotle and Christianity.
Summa Theologica, a systematic exposition of Christian thought -
Merchant from Venice
Brought Asian commodities
back to Europe along the
Silk Roads
Wrote a book about his
experiences in China
Influenced Columbus -
Argued that the church did not control eternal destiny nor
access of the soul to divine grace.
Salvation came through faith by divine
grace.
Church rituals, sacraments, and clergy
were unnecessary.
Translated the Bible into English -
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The beginning of the Modern Era.
Individuals showed increasing concern with worldly life and self-consciously aspired
to shape their destinies.
Significant links to medieval world while also laying foundation to the modern world –
an Age of Transition -
Influenced by the writings of Wycliffe.
Native of Prague, Bohemia.
Opposed the church’s reliance and emphasis on
sacraments.
Politically, he opposed the Hapsburgs and sought
Bohemia’s independence within the Holy Roman Empire.
Hus was summoned by authorities, promised his personal
safety.
Burned at the stake. -
"The Navigator"
-
Gutenberg Bible
Other books
Sermons
Prayer books
Secular books -
Declamation Concerning the False Decretals of Constantine.
A critical examination of the Donation of Constantine.
Valla proved the document was a eighth-century forgery -
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Treaty of Lodi
Brokered by Cosimo de Medici
Peace until 1494, when Charles VIII of France invaded -
Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)
God says to man:
“We have made you a creature [such that] you may, as the free and proud
shaper of your own being, fashion yourself in the form you may prefer.” -
Machiavelli is regarded as the first modern political thinker.
Politics requires the rational deployment of force as well as the exercise of virtue.
Machiavelli is practical, rather than purely theoretical. -
Augustinian Monk
“Tower Experience”
1514/15
Solá fide
Solá scriptura
Solá gratia
Salvation from God,
not good deeds or
indulgences -
Determined what land was given to which country
-
Indictment of the humanist ideal of princely rule.
Fundamental contributions to political theory. -
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Sultan of the Ottoman empire
The Turks captured
Constantinople 1453
Expanded into the Balkans
Laid siege to Vienna 1531-1532 -
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Lutheran Princes protest =Protestants
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Reinstitute's the inquisition
-
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- Theology of St. Thomas Aquinas
- Church tradition, Papal decrees and decisions of Church Councils
- Good works necessary for salvation
- Reaffirmed all Seven Sacraments
- Reaffirmed transubstantiation
- Reaffirmed special power of priests
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Don Quixote
Satire of the ideals of knighthood and chivalry
The fact that knighthood and chivalry were still subjects worth satirizing in Spain indicates how
much Spain lagged behind Italy, France, and England. -
Greatest playwright – ever.
Heroic but always human characters.
Weak, flawed, but great and noble as well.
