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Renaissance art originated in Italy . It was a cultural movement that marked the beginig of the Modern Age. It revitalized painting, sculpture, and architecture, drawing inspiration from classical antiquity. It combined harmony, proportion, and realism, using perspective to create depth. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli explored human beauty and nature, reflecting an ideal that placed human kind at the center of the creative universe.
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It's a masterpiece of the Renaissance. It was the biggest dome in the world at that time. Construction began in 1420 and was completed in 1436.The dome is an octagonal structure made of stone and brick masonry. It has an external diameter of 55 meters and an internal diameter of 45.5 meters.The two structures are connected by 24 meridian ribs and 10 parallel ribs. -
The Pietà also known as Vatican Piety, is a sculpture in white marble. Was designed by Michelangelo Buonarroti also known as Miguel Ángel. Cardinal Saint Denis ordered it to be done, and is located in the chapel of the Crucifix of St. Peter's Basilica. The Pietà represents the Virgin María taking his son's body. -
Baroque art emerged in Europe. It was characterized by its drama and movement. It sought to incite emotion and wonder through contrasts of light and shadow. It also emphasized dynamism and a language of richness and symbolism decoration. In painting, sculpture, and architecture, artists such as Caravaggio, Bernini, and Rubens expressed power, faith, and theatricality through their art, reflecting both religious splendor and absolutism.
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The school of Athens, is a painting between 1509 and 1511 by a Renaissance Italian artist called Raphael Sanzio this painting is located in Astolic Palace in a room of Pope Julius II in the Vatican. The painting represents the congretions of philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists. In the centre there are two thinkers in the right side we see Aristotle and in the left side we can see Plato. -
The reign of Charles I of Spain, also known as Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire, marked the height of Spanish power. He ruled an empire with territories in Europe and the America. During his reign, there were many religious conflicts, such as the Protestant Reformation and wars for European hegemony. He abdicated in 1556, leaving the rule of Spain to his son Philip II and the empire to his brother Ferdinand I.
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The Revolt of the Comuneros in Castilla was an uprising against King Charles I. It was caused by discontent with taxes and foreign influence at his court. The cities of Castilla, led by Padilla, Bravo, and Maldonado, demanded greater political participation. At the beginning, they made some progress, but were defeated at Villalar in 1521. After their defeat, power stabilized, but the revolt symbolized the defense of the people's rights.
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The Peace of Augsburg, also known as Augsburg Settlement it was a treaty between the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League, at the imperial city of Augsburg.The Peace allowed the state princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their domain and permitted the free emigration of habitants who dissented, as the official confession of their state. -
The reign of Felipe II of Spain was a time of both splendor and tension. He consolidated absolute power and expanded the Spanish Empire, gaining control of territories in Europe, the Americas, and Asia. He was defender of Catholicism, he confronted the Protestant Reformation and conflicts such as the Dutch Revolt and the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Under his rule, the arts and imperial administration flourished, thus symbolizing both the heights and the challenges of the Spanish Golden Age.
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The Alpujarras Rebellion was an uprising of the Moriscos of the Kingdom of Granada against King Felipe II. It began in response to the repression of their culture, language, and Islamic religion. The revolt spread throughout the Alpujarras mountains. It was suppressed by royal troops led by Don Juan of Austria. Following their defeat, many Moriscos were expelled, marking the end of their significant presence in southern Spain.
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The Eighty Years' War faced the United Provinces of the Netherlands against the Spanish rule of Felipe II. It was fueled by religious, economic, and political factors. The Netherlands sought independence from imperial control and Protestant freedom. After decades of conflict and truces, the war culminated in the Peace of Westphalia, which recognized the independence of the Netherlands while simultaneously reinforcing its dependence on Spanish power in Europe.
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The Union of Arras, it was an alliance of a number of provinces in the southern of Habsburg Netherlands that were: County of Artois, the County of Hainaut and the city of Douai, in early 1579 during the Eighty Years' War. Dissatisfied with the religious policies of rebel leader Prince of Orange and the States General of the Netherlands, who signed a declaration on 6 January 1579.
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It is a pact signed by several provinces of the north of the Netherlands to join forces against Spanish rule during the Eighty Years' War. This agreement established a confederation based on military and political cooperation. It also guaranteed religious freedom in some territories. The Union of Utrecht is considered the origin of the Republic of the Netherlands.
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The British Navy defeated the Spanish Armada in the Battle of Gravelines in the coast of France. The Spanish Armada was a powerful fleet of armed ships and transports that tried to invade England. The defeat at Gravelines ended Spain’s hopes of invasion. The failure of the Armada was a great blow to the prestige of Spain, then the world’s most powerful country. Spain remained a major power after the battle. -
Is a life-size Baroque marble sculpture. The sculpture was created by the Italian artist Bernini, with the help of his pupil Giuliano Finelli. It was created between 1622 and 1625. The sculpture depicts Apollo running, wearing a tunic, with one hand resting on the body of Daphne. The sculpture is designed to be viewed from the side, allowing the viewer to observe the reactions of Apollo and Daphne and thus better understand the narrative. The sculpture is located in the Borghese Gallery, Rome. -
The Saint Peter´s square is arguably the most famous building in Vatican City, and certainly the largest. Is composed by a monumental elliptical space enclosed by 284 Doric columns four rows deep. Laid it out during the pontificates of Alexander VII and of Clement IX. The author of the monument is Gian Lorenzo Bernini that was elected by the Pope to do it -
Las Hilanderas by Diego Velazquez is a complex painting that depicts women working at the Royal Tapestry Factory of Santa Isabel in Madrid. The iconography of the painting suggests the Fable of Arachne, where Athena challenged Arachne to weave better than her, and being offended by her hubris, transformed her into a spider. Velazquez used chiaroscuro to create high contrast and an overall atmospheric perspective which adds depth to the painting. -
Neoclassical art emerged as a reaction against Baroque and Rococo art. It drew inspiration from the purity and balance of Greco-Roman art. It promoted reason, morality, and simplicity, thus reflecting the ideals of the Enlightenment. In painting, sculpture, and architecture, artists such as Jacques-Louis David and Antonio Canova exalted virtue, heroism, and formal clarity, transforming art into a means of civic and moral education.
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The Oath of the Horatii, represent depicting a scene from Roman legend, created a sensation when it debuted and remains one of the best-known Neoclassical paintings. It depicts three men, brothers, saluting toward three swords held up by their father as the women behind him grieve. The revolutionary painting changed French art but was David also calling for another kind of revolution. -
The painting of Carlos IV of Spain and his family was painted in Aranjuez and Madrid after Goya was named First Chamber Painter. The painting is conserved on the Prado Museum. The scene is presided over by Queen María Luisa de Parma and King Carlos IV, at the center. Beside them are their children, the infante Francisco de Paula and the infanta María Isabel. On the left are the Prince of Asturias. Fernando VII the infante Carlos María de Isidro the infanta María Josefa