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The battering ram was a siege weapon to break through doors and walls. Soldiers would ram into the fortifications with this. The battering ram consists of a large heavy log with a framework for swinging it. -
The first catapults invented in Ancient greece around 400BC, and was originally considered a large "arrow shooting machine". As time passed, the design changed and people realised that the load didn't just have to be arrows. Thus, large rocks and heavy objects were used and this machine saw use against castle walls -
The ballista was an ancient missile weapon that launched bolts and stones. They were like big crossbows and very ranged - good for hurling projectiles at fortifications and enemy troops -
The siege tower is a specialised siege engine designed to protect attackers while approaching fortifications. When the tower got to the walls of a castle the door would swing open and soldiers could rush outside -
Torsion powered catapult that used a sling to generate more propulsion -
The earliest definite mention of the counterweight trebuchet in China in 1268.