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(The Black Death) The Black Death epidemic had run its course by the early 1350s, but the plague reappeared every few generations for centuries. Modern sanitation and public-health practices have greatly mitigated the impact of the disease but have not eliminated it. The disease would eat up their flesh and eventually they would die.
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The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the late 13th century until the early 18th century. It was succeeded in the mid-18th century by the Industrial Revolution.
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The purpose was mainly to increase the amount of full-time pasturage available to manorial lords. Much enclosure also was done for the sake of agricultural efficiency. By the end of the 19th century the process of the enclosure of common lands in England was virtually complete.
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(AND ENDED 1650) The Dutch Golden Age was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world.
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The Baroque is often thought of as a period of artistic style that used motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to painting, architecture, literature, dance, theater, and music.
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The term Consumer revolution refers to the period from 1600 to 1750 in England where there was a marked increase in the consumption and variety of "luxury" goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds.
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In the 1633 trial of Galileo Galilei, two worlds come into cosmic conflict. Galileo's world of science and humanism collides with the world of Scholasticism and absolutism that held power in the Catholic Church. The result is a tragedy that marks both the end of Galileo's liberty and the end of the Italian Renaissance. (UMKC)
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In that time, he transformed the monarchy, guided in a golden age of art and literature, presided over a dazzling royal court at Versailles, added key territories and established his country as the dominant European power.
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(AKA the Great Rebellion) The English Civil Wars started from conflict between Charles I and Parliament over an Irish rebellion.
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The Westphalia area of north-western Germany gave its name to the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War, one of the most destructive conflicts in the history of Europe.
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The Navigation Act was passed on 9 October 1651 by the Rump Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell. It authorized the Commonwealth to regulate trade within the colonies. It reinforced a long-standing principle of government policy that English trade should be carried in English vessels.
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Leviathan argues that civil peace and social unity are best achieved by the establishment of a commonwealth through social contract. It's significant because it was written due to Hobbes's fear of political turmoil of the English Civil Wars.
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Restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660. It marked the return of Charles II as king (1660–85) following the period of Oliver Cromwell’s Commonwealth.
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Peter the Great was a Russian czar in the late 17th century, who is best known for his extensive reforms in an attempt to establish Russia as a great nation. He had westernized Russia through nobles and civilization and he also strengthened the Russian army.
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The Test Acts were a series of English penal laws that served as a religious test for public office and forced civil disabilities on Roman Catholics and people who did not conform ideas or practices.
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The first attempt of the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna, Austria
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The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes was preceded by a series of measures against Protestants and the Reformed Church. This anti-Reformation policy of King Louis XIV was trying to bring about religious unity in his kingdom.
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The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a philosophical movement that took place primarily in Europe and, later, in North America, during the late 17thand early 18thcentury.
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Newton's 3 Laws of Motion:
1. Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.
2. The change in motion is proportional to the motive force impressed, and is made in the direction of the straight line in which that force is impressed.
3. To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction. -
The events of 1688–89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of William III and Mary II to the English throne.
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The First Treatise is a criticism of Robert Filmer’s Patriarcha, which argues in support of the divine right of kings. According to Locke, every man to virtuously govern himself according to God’s law. The Second Treatise is Locke’s proposed solution to the political upheaval in England and in other modern countries
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"Late Baroque" An 18th-century artistic movement and style, affecting many aspects of the arts including painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design, decoration, literature, music, and theater.
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Mercantilism was a system of statism which employed economic fallacy to build up a structure of imperial state power, as well as special subsidy and monopolistic privilege to individuals or groups favored by the state.
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The War of the Spanish Succession was the first world war of modern times with theatres of war in Spain, Italy, Germany, Holland, and at sea.
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Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great, was Prussia's king from 1740 to 1786. By winning wars and expanding territories, he established Prussia as a strong military power.
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Archduchess of Austria, savior of the Habsburg Dynasty. She focused on financial and administrative improvements. She became increasingly involved with the problem of serf reform.
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Fought by Austria, Britain, and the Netherlands against Prussia, France, and Spain in support of the right of succession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne and against the territorial aims of Prussia
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The Seven Years’ War essentially comprised two struggles. One centered on the maritime and colonial conflict between Britain and its Bourbon enemies, France and Spain; the second, on the conflict between Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia and his opponents: Austria, France, Russia, and Sweden.
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The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was the reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War. Austria went from an ally of Britain to an ally of France. Prussia became an ally of Britain.
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Catherine II, often called Catherine the Great, was born on May 2, 1729, Prussia and became the Russian empress in 1762. Under her reign, Russia expanded its territories and modernized, following the lead of Western Europe.
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Rousseau asserts that modern states repress the physical freedom that is our birthright, and do nothing to secure the civil freedom for the sake of which we enter into civil society. Legitimate political authority, he suggests, comes only from a social contract agreed upon by all citizens for their mutual preservation.
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The First Partition of Poland took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. Growth in the Russian Empire's power, threatening the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Austrian Empire, was the primary motive behind this first partition
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A lighter, clearer texture than Baroque music and is less complex. It is a clear melody above a chordal accompaniment. Counterpoint was by no means forgotten, especially later in the period, and composers still used counterpoint in religious pieces.
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The American Revolution is also known as the American Revolutionary War and the U.S. War of Independence. The conflict arose from growing tensions between residents of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown.
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Aims to create a new understanding of economics. Smith writes largely against the mercantile system that existed at the time of writing, but, along the way, gives a complicated but brilliant account of an economic system based in human nature and deeply rooted social dynamics.
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The French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideals. The movement played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the world the power inherent in the will of the people.
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Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d'état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804.
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The Haitian Revolution was consisting of several revolutions going on at the same time. These revolutions were influenced by the French Revolution of 1789, which would come to represent a new concept of human rights, universal citizenship, and participation in government.
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A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is a treatise on overcoming the ways in which women in her time are oppressed and denied their potential in society, with concomitant problems for their households and society as a whole.
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On May 14, 1796, Jenner took fluid from a cowpox blister and scratched it into the skin of James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy. A single blister rose up on the spot, but James soon recovered. On July 1, Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with smallpox matter, and no disease developed. The vaccine was a success. Doctors all over Europe soon adopted Jenner’s innovative technique, leading to a drastic decline in new sufferers of the devastating disease.
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The Congress of Vienna was convened in 1815 by the four European powers which had defeated Napoleon. The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers.
