XV and XVI Centuries

Henry III of Castile

Period: Oct 9, 1390 to Dec 25, 1406

Henry's reign

Martin of Aragon

Period: May 19, 1396 to May 31, 1410

Martin's reign

First Golf Ball Invented

1400

First Piano is Invented

1400

The first piano was called a spinet.

Tordesillas biggest boom

1401

Tordesillas is gaining importance and it is with the Tras-támaras when it achieves its greatest historical boom, being held in 1401 Cortes in Tordesillas, summoned by Enrique III the mourner.

XV Century

Period: Jan 1, 1401 to Dec 31, 1500

In Europe, the 15th century includes parts of the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the early modern period. The Roman Papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades , until the Council of Constance. The conflicts ended with the defeat of Richard III by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field, establishing the Tudor dynasty in the later part of the century.

Witches hunt

Period: Jan 1, 1401 to Jan 31, 1599

The classical period of witch-hunts in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America took place in the Early Modern period or about 1450 to 1750, spanning the upheavals of the Reformation and the Thirty Years' War, resulting in an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 executions.

Pope Innocent VII

Oct 17, 1404

He reigned during the Great Schism of the West and partly due to him that the schism continued as long as it did. Before his election, Innocent agreed to abdicate his position on the conmdition that the antipope Benedict XII would also do the same. After his election, Innocent ignored Benedict and went on his own way.

Pope Gregory XII

Nov 30, 1406

He also reigned during the Great Schism. Pope Gregory, just like Innocent also agreed to abdicate as long as the antipope Benedict agreed to do the same.

John II of Castile

Period: Dec 25, 1406 to Jul 20, 1454

John's reign

John Wycliff

1408

In Britain, John Wyclif's England language bible has been published.

Ferdinan I

Period: Sep 3, 1412 to Apr 2, 1416

Ferdinan's reign

John Hus

1415

John Hus travels to the Council of Constance to propose his reforms for the Church. When he arrived and tried for heresy, he was burned at the stake.

Alfonso IV of Aragon

Period: Apr 2, 1416 to Jun 27, 1458

Alfonso's reign

Pope Martin V

1417

His election served as an end to the Great Schism.There had been three Popes but after the Council of Constance there was only one true poipe and that was Martin V.

A convent was created

1419

In 1419 the Convent of the Commanders of San Juan was founded at the wish of John II.

John I

1420

The court of King John II of Castile, father of Isabella the Catholic, was in Tordesillas. The palace is taken by the Infante Enrique de Antequera, imprisoning Juan Hurtado de Mendoza, valid of the king and removing him from the government. He manages to enter the king's chambers. thanks to the enmity and ambition of the Infantes of Aragon who aspired to lead the kingdom of Castile in the name of his cousin Juan, very young he was 15, although he already declared himself of legal age at 14.

Alvaro de Luna

1423

In 1423 Don Álvaro de Luna was named Constable of Castile and great celebrations were held in his honor.

John Wycliff

1428

Pope Martin V orders John Wycliff's bones to be burned.

Joan of Arc

1429

The Hundred Years Wars is still going on and in May, Joan of Arc defeats the English at Orleans. Then in August Joan enters Paris to take Paris back form the English.

Santa Clara

1430

In 1430 she was the mother of the infants of Aragon and mother-in-law of John II, Eleanor of Aragon, who was imprisoned and imprisoned in Santa Clara.

Pope Eugene IV

1431

He was mainly chosen to treat the cardinals less as servant of the papacy and more as partners when it came to making a decision in the Church.

Joan of Arc

1431

Some of the Englishmen see Joan of Arc as an agent of the devil and she gets captured and burned at the stake.

John II

1434

In 1434 John II returned to Tordesillas, and his palace became his own prison, when the infante Don Fernando kidnapped the king, repeating an episode that had already been done before by his own brother Don Enrique. That same year the Convent of the Dominicans was founded.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1439

In 1439 the Cortes of John II and the Infantes of Aragon met, in an attempt to establish peace between the two sides, that of the high nobility coaligada, captained by the infantes of Aragon and the monarchical side captained by Juan II himself and the constable of Castile Álvaro de Luna; this fact is known as the signing of the "Insurance of Tordesillas", under the arbitration of the Count of Haro.

Conceptionists

1446

During the reign of John II, shortly after marrying his second wife, Isabella of Portugal, a woman of a jealous and angry nature, she ordered the confinement of Beatriz de Silva, his first lady, in a chest for three days, appearing the Virgin, who ordered him to found an order in his honor, the Order of the Immaculate Conception. She was canonized in 1976 by Pope Paul VI.

Pope Nicholas V

1447

He was the first of the Renaissance popes and is known as a Humanist Pope because of the resources he devotedto learning. He founded the Vatican Library.

Russian Orothodox Church

1448

The Russian Orothodox Church becomes independent of the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Leon Battista Alberti Creates the First Anemometer

1450

This Italian architect developed the anemometer to measure wind speed.

Nicholas of Cusa's Spectacle

1450

Nicholas of Cusa was a Cardinal for the Holy Roman Empire. He is considered one of the great geniuses of the 1400's. He is recognized for spiritual, scientific, and political achievements in European history. He creates the spectacle for nearsighted people.

Santa Clara

1451

In 1451 John II and his son Infante Henry, future Henry IV the Impotent, met in Santa Clara to try to achieve a broken understanding as each was in opposing factions.

Hundred Years' War ends

1453

This war between England and France lasted 116 years on and off. Advances such as the longbow, and later rifles helped shift the momentum of the war back and forth between France and England.

Alfonso

1453

In 1453 the Infante Alfonso was born in Tordesillas, son of John II and Isabella of Portugal, who would later be named heir to the Castilian throne by his half-brother Henry IV.

Henry IV

Period: Jul 22, 1454 to Dec 11, 1474

Henry's reign

Gutenberg

1455

Gutenberg creates the first movable type printing press. Gutenberg uses his new printing press to create the first printed version of the Bible.

Pope Callistus III

1455

He was one of the nephewsto Pope Alexander VI. He was really elected because he was old and the cardinals saw him as a safe pope.

Pope Pius II

1458

He was a supporter of the crusades against the Turks. He called for a new crusade in 1458. This call ended any hopes for new military aid to the Holy Land.

John II of Aragon

Period: Jun 27, 1458 to Jan 20, 1479

John's reign

Pope Paul II

1464

He promised to end the practice of nepotism during his reigh. Also tried to end other reforms that were desighned to improve the Vatican.

Privileges to Tordesillas

1465

In 1465 Henry IV granted privileges to Tordesillas, such as the free market, pointing to Tuesday as the day that this market has to be celebrated, a custom that is still maintained.

Prussian War ends

1466

Beginning in 1454, this war involved Poland and Lithuania and included an attempt to convert pagan Lithuanians to Catholicism.

Mater Dei

1467

In 1467 the hospital of Mater Dei was founded, thanks to the donation made by Doña Beatriz, daughter of D. Dionís of Portugal.
In 1468 the Concordia de los Toros de Guisando takes place, by which Isabella the Catholic is recognized as heir to the throne by her brother the king, pressured by the nobility who ensures that Juana, the only daughter of Enrique IV, is the bastard daughter of Beltrán de la Cueva, a man of confidence of the king.

Swiss-Habsburg War

1468

This war is not especially famous, but it included one of the biggest ruling houses in Europe: the Hapsburgs.

Catholic Monarchs get married

1469

Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile.

Gonzalo Guerrero

1470

Gonzalo Guerrero (also known as Gonzalo Marinero, Gonzalo de Aroca and Gonzalo de Aroza) was a sailor from Palos, in Spain who was shipwrecked along the Yucatán Peninsula and was taken as a slave by the local Maya. Earning his freedom, Guerrero became a respected warrior under a Maya lord and raised three of the first mestizo children in Mexico and presumably the first mixed children of the mainland Americas. Little is known of his early life.

Bohemian-Hungarian War

1471

Beginning in 1464, this war involved an excommunication of Bohemia's King by Pope Pius II.

Pope Sixtus IV

1471

His first act was to encourage Fance,Spain,Germany,Hungary and Poland to pursue a new crusade against the Turks. The new crusade accomplished very little.

Henry IV death

1474

Henry IV dies, causing then a civil war between the supporters of Juana, and the supporters of Isabel, is called by the people of Tordesillas, because the warden of Castronuño who supported Juana, had taken over the town dedicating himself to pillage. She becomes strong in the hospital of Mater Dei, for being its Portuguese founder and they seize her income and her grain. Later Tordesillas is liberated, and taken as headquarters of the troops of the Catholic Kings.

Isabella I

Period: Dec 11, 1474 to Nov 26, 1504

Isabella's reign

First Muzzle-Loaded Rifles are Created

1475

This was invented in Italy and Germany as most European countries were trying to gain a miltary edge in case they needed it.

Ferdinand V & II

Period: Jan 15, 1475 to Nov 26, 1504

Ferdinand's reign in Castile

Burgundy War

1477

The Burgundy War broke out, a war that between 1474 and 1477 confronted the Valois Dynasty with the Duchy of Burgundy.

Treaty of Alcáçovas

1479

In 1479 the Treaty of Alcaçovas was signed, a peace treaty between the Castellan and Portuguese crowns by which Juana was imprisoned in a convent in Coimbra, and the marriage between the firstborn of the Catholic monarchs and the Infante Alfonso of Portugal was agreed. In this treaty both crowns are divided the Atlantic Ocean, it would therefore be the precedent of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Ferdinand V & II

Period: Jan 20, 1479 to Jan 23, 1516

Ferdinand's reign in Aragon

Ferrarese War

1483

Duke Ercole II of Este-Ferrara fought an alliance of the Republic of Venice and Pope Sixtus IV.

Pope Innocent VIII

1484

His papcy was one of the most wordly and corrupt on record. Bad things started because his election was due to the planning of Cardinal named Giuliano Della Rovere.

Leonardo da Vinci creates parachute

1485

Leonardo da Vinci was a great Italian thinker, and he was one of the first people to make theories on flight.

Bishop of Segovia

1485

In 1485 the Bishop of Segovia, Juan Arias Dávila ordered to open a public square according to the rank of the Villa, and build a Town Hall, giving rise to the layout of the current Plaza Mayor.

First Copyright is granted in Venice

1486

This was the start of inventors being able to protect their own ingenuity.

Franco-Breton War

1488

This war was a dispute over the area of France called the Bretagne. French troops prevailed over Ducal troops.

Martin Behaim invents the first map globe

1492

Thanks to Martin, students worldwide can study geography of the world on a 3-demensional object.

Pope Alexander VI

1492

He had many mistresses and was a capable administrator. His unvle was Pope Calixtus III.

America is discovered

Oct 12, 1492

Ferdinand and Isabella are paying for Christopher Columbus voyage to set sail for China heading westward. He ends up finding the Americas.

Christopher Columbus

1493

He returns from the Americas and one year later he sails to the Caribbean.

Whiskey is invented in Scotland

1494

Treaty on June 7

1494

In 1494 one of the most important events in the history of Tordesillas takes place, the signing of the Treaty on June 7, 1494, by which the Castilian and Portuguese crowns are divided the rights of navigation and conquest of the Atlantic.

Neapolitan War

1495

This was lasted two years and began in 1494 when King Charles VIII of France began to invade Italy. In the end, France gained Naples, but later were forced to retreat back to France and lose all land they had gained from the war.

Danish-Swedish War

1497

This was over control of Sweden, which Sweden claimed to be independent while Norway-Denmark still claimed control of Sweden under the Kalmar Union. Norway won this short war.

Scotland

1497

In Scotland, children are required by law to attend school.

Vasco da Gama

1498

Vasco da Gama reaches India.

Toothbrush

1498

Toothbrushes first appear in China

Swabian War

1499

This war took place in modern day Switzerland and was a dispute between the Swiss people and Emperor Maximilian I.

Hospital de Peregrinos

1499

In 1499 the Hospital de Peregrinos was founded, thanks to the cession made in his will by D. Juan González, archpriest of the town.

Mercantilism

1501

Mercantilism is a set of political ideas or economic ideas of great pragmatism that developed during the sixteenth, seventeenth and first half of the eighteenth century in Europe. It was characterized by a strong intervention of the State in the economy, coinciding with the development of monarchical absolutism.

Textile industry expansion

1501

The sector to which the greatest prominence within modern European industry corresponded was, without a doubt, textiles. This did not represent any novelty, since the medieval industry developed precisely in function of the manufacture of fabrics. The dress, while
an immediate need, it is a visual expression of social distinction, even more than the decoration of the house. That is why the textile industry grew at the expense of both necessity and luxury.

Economy

1501

Characteristics:
-The European population increased its troops between 1500 and 1600 from 80 to 100 million inhabitants.
The population increase created an abundance of labor, which benefited in the clearing of new land and an increase in agricultural production.
-The European economy is benefiting from new commercial activities.
-The evolution of the industry benefited from a set of derived stimuli. Although these benefits affected the structural order of society.

XVI Century

Period: Jan 1, 1501 to Jan 31, 1600

This century is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of Western civilization and the Age of the Islamic Gunpowders occurred. Galileo Galilei became a champion of the new sciences, invented the first thermometer and made substantial contributions in the fields of physics and astronomy, becoming a major figure in the Scientific Revolution. The Protestant Reformation in central and northern Europe gave a major blow to the authority of the papacy and the Catholic Church.

First African slaves in America

1502

Joanna

Period: Nov 26, 1504 to Apr 12, 1555

Joanna's reign in Castile

Michelangelo

1505

Michelangelo starts painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling

Christopher Columbus death

1506

He died without knowing he discovered a new continent

Philip I (Joanna's husband)

Period: Jun 27, 1506 to Sep 25, 1506

Philip's reign

Michelangelo

1512

Michelangelo finishes painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling

Niccolò Machiavelli

1513

Niccolò Machiavelli writes "The Prince"

Francis I of France coronation

1515

His reign allowed the French nation to play an important role in European affairs and position itself as an economic power of the first order. Son of Charles of Angoulême and Louise of Savoy, he belonged to the Valois-Angoulême branch of the Capetian dynasty. Francis I is considered to be the emblematic monarch of the French Renaissance period. His reign allowed an important development of arts and letters in France.

Joanna

Period: Jan 23, 1516 to Apr 12, 1555

Joanna's reign in Aragon

Charles I

Period: Mar 14, 1516 to Jan 16, 1556

Charles' reign. He abdicated.

Martin Luther

1517

Luther wrote his 95 theses as a support for a theoretical debate, a theological "dispute", a common practice at the time. Conceived to be spread in a restricted circle of theologians, their success would have surprised Luther himself. After being printed in large quantities and widely disseminated, the theses had great resonance, but the religious authorities hesitated.

Hernán Cortés conquers the Mexican Empire

1519

Start of the Diet of Worms

1521

The Diet of Worms (German: Wormser Reichstag) was an assembly of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany from 28 January to 25 May 1521. It was presided over by the newly appointed Emperor Charles V. This Diet or council should not be confused with the Concordat of Worms (1122), which put an end to the quarrel of the investitures.

Ending of the Diet of Worms

1521

Second Diet of Spire

1529

The Diet of Spire of 1529 was a diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in 1529 in the Free Imperial City of Spire. At this meeting, the results of the 1526 diet of Spier were condemned and future reforms were forbidden. It resulted in the protest of Espira.

Council of Trent

1545

It was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church developed in discontinuous periods during twenty-five sessions between the year 1545 and 1563. It took place in Trent, a city in northern Italy that at the time was a free imperial city ruled by a prince-bishop.

Francis I of France death

1547

Known as the Father and Restorer of Letters, the Knight King and the Warrior King, he was consecrated as King of France on 25 January 1515 in the cathedral of Reims, and reigned until his death in 1547. After his death, the French monarchy was weakened.

Henry Bourbon coronation

1553

With the coronation Henry Bourbon, who had to change from Protestantism and convert to Catholicism to be consecrated king of France with the name of Henry IV.
His phrase was: "Paris, a Mass is well worth it"

Lazarillo de Tormes

1554

Lazarillo de Tormes is an ironic and ruthless sketch of the society of the moment, of which its vices and hypocritical attitudes are shown, especially those of the clergy and religious. There are different hypotheses about its authorship. Probably the author was sympathetic to erasmist ideas. This motivated the Inquisition to ban it and, later, to allow its publication, once it was purged. The work was not published in its entirety until the nineteenth century.

Philip II

Period: Jan 16, 1556 to Sep 13, 1598

Philip's reign

Massacre of Vassy

1562

The massacre of Vassy, which precipitated the first War of Religion in France (1562-1563) is one of the events that have marked the history of our neighboring country and, in a certain sense, also the European.

St. Bartholomew's Massacre

1572

St. Bartholomew's Massacre is the mass murder of Huguenots (French Protestant Christians of Calvinist doctrine) during the French Wars of Religion of the sixteenth century. The events began on the night of August 23-24, 1572 in Paris, and spread over the following months throughout France.

Spanish Armada disaster

1588

Romeo and Juliet

1595

It is one of the most popular works by the English author and, along with Hamlet and Macbeth, the one that has been represented the most times. Although the story is part of a long tradition of tragic romances dating back to ancient times, the plot is based on the English translation.

Philip III

Period: Sep 13, 1598 to Mar 31, 1621

Philip's reign