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The Treaty of Arras declared that French Burgundy was a kingdom of France. This demonstrates that European states were becoming more centralized.
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The event is significant because the marriage would produce Charles V, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He would attempt to stop the Protestant Reformation.
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Charles V, the son of Philip and Joanna, is born. He inherits Italy, Sicily, Habsburg lands in Austria, Southern Germany, the Low Countries and the Franche-Comte. This would give him control over a massive empire.
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The council demonstrates that the church was earnestly attempting to reform. It recomended higher educational standards for priests and ordered the papacy to prevent bureaucratic corruption.
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Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door to the church at Wittenberg Castle to attack the sale of indulgences.The event marked the start of the Protestant Reformation and would result in Northern Germany becoming Lutheran.
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This demonstrates the radical nature of Lutheranism.
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Ulrich Zwingli mounts the pulpit in Zurich, Switzerland. He announces that he would not preach the church’s prescribed readings but would instead preach right through the New Testament.
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This demonstrates that Protestantism would led to many uprising throughout Europe.
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Luther appeals to the princes of Germany in Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation. He argued that princes should confiscate church land and abolish indulgences. Many of the princes wanted an excuse to confiscate church land for financial purposes, so they obeyed Luther’s appeals. This shows the politcal implications of Luther's teachings in Germany.
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Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire summoned Luther to appear before the Diet of Worms. Luther refused to recant his teachings and he was declared an outlaw by Charles V. Luther is then placed under protection by the Germna princes. This demonstrates the power schism in Germany.
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Peasant revolts spread throughout Europe. The peasants, angered that nobles had taken their common land after a year of crop failure, killed many nobles. Luther originally supported the peasants, but sided with the nobles because he did not believe that the peasants’ violence was justified. The uprising was eventually crushed by the nobility. This shows some of the secular impacts of Luther's teachings.
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The Ottoman Empire kills King Louis II and over 16,000 soldiers on the plain of Mohacs. As a result, The Ottoman Empire divided Hungary and allows each community freedom to chose its own religion. As a result, Lutheranism became a common religion in Hungary.
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The High Renaissance ends when the Holy Roman Empire invades Rome and capture pope Clement VII.
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Henry VII of England attempts to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. He argued that it was not a valid marriage because Catherine was his brother’s widow. Pope Clement VII refused to allow the annulment because his predecessor, Julius II, had allowed it. He knew that such a contradiction would fuel the belief that popes substituted their own evil judgment for the law of God.
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This demonstrates that Lutherans were becoming increasingly organized throughout Europe.
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The Supremacy Act was passed. The act declared the king the head of the Church of England. It also broke all ties with the Vatican. The seperated church would eventually become the Anglican Church.
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The Ursuline Order of Nuns was founded to further the education of young girls and to combat heresy. This demonstrates actions taken by the Catholic Church during the counter-Reformation.
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Henry VIII dissolves the monasteries of England. His decision resulted in the sale of land that had previously housed the monasteries. New bureaucracies were created so the crown could control the property and money gained from this act.
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In the Institutes of the Christian Religion, Calvin argued for the absolute sovereignty of God. He believed that humans were insignificant and that God had chosen who would be saved at the beginning of time (predestination).
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This demonstrates that Ireland was following England's example by ending ties with the Catholic CHurch.
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The Pilgrimage of Grace occurred. Popular opposition to Henry VIII’s attack on the church resulted in a large multiclass rebellion. It ended with a truce and the execution of the pilgrimage’s leaders. This demonstrates that the decision to cut ties with the Catholic Church was controversial.
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The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, was founded by Ignatius Loyola to help resist the spread of Protestantism. Jesuits were very mobile and helped to spread Catholicism to the New World and India. This is an example of Catholic actions during the Counter-Reformation
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John Calvin starts to work to turn the city of Geneva into a Christian community. He published the Genevan Catechism, which was a set of questions and answers about the Calvinist faith that was memorized by children and adults. This demonstrates that the Catholic Church was losing control to multiple factions of Christianity.
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Pope Paul III establishes the Holy Office to run the Roman Inquisition. The Inquisition was effectively eliminating heresy within the papal states. However, it did not elimenate heresy without this area.
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The Council of Trent meets to reform the church and reconcile with Protestants. As a result of the council, equal validity was given to the scriptures and tradition. It also ended indulgences, required Bishops to reside in their own dioceses, and enforced celibacy. In addition, it required that people had to give their marriage vows before a priest for the marriage to be valid. This demonstrated at earnest attempt at reform by the Catholic Church.
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The Book of Common Prayer is published by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. It simplified the liturgy of the Church of England.
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In the Peace of Augsburg, Charles V allowed the German princes to choose the religion of their kingdom. Most Northern princes converted to Lutheranism while most Southern princes remained Catholic. This politically divided Germany and gave the German princes increased power.
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The Elizabethan Settlement was passed by Elizabeth I of England. It required outright obedience to the Church of England and uniformity of church ceremonies. Anyone who disobeyed the settlement was fined. This required increased loyalty to the Church of England.
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In Scotland, John Knox convinced the Scottish Parliament to dissolve the Mass. Knox then founded the Presbyterian Church. This is an example of the spread of Protestantism.