-
A dispute in the Catholic Church regarding succession which divided the Church. In 1378 the papal court was based in Rome and an Italian was elected pope ( Pope Urban VI). The cardinals in the French group refused to accept him, declared his election void, and named Clement VII as pope. Clement withdrew to Avignon, while Urban remained in Rome.
-
Questioned the wordly wealth of the Catholic Church, the miracle of transubstantiation, the teaching of penance and the selling of indulgences.
-
Bohemian Hus was the rector of the University of Prague and he argued that it was the authority of the bible that mattered, not the institutional church.
-
Pope Martin V declared Hus a heretic and had Hus was burned at stake, even though promised safe passage.
-
Before Gutenberg, every book produced in Europe had to be copied by hand.
-
By 1492 Jews were killed or expelled from Spain.
-
Agreement between Pope Leo X and King Francis I where the King gained power to appoint Bishops in France. This helped to keep France Catholic
-
Luther posts 95 theses on door at church in Wittenberg. Argues faith alone leads to salvation, not good works. Acknowleges 2 holy sacraments versus 7.
-
Petitioned for the right of clergy to marry in all Protestant lands.
-
1) "Address to the Christian Nobility" --argued secular govt had a right to reform the Church
2) "On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church"--attacked the teachings of the Church, such as sacraments
3) "Liberty of a Christian Man" --said that grace is the sole gift, therefore, one is saved by faith alone. -
A meeting of German nobility where Charles V bans Martin Luther because of his religious beliefs.
-
Charles V tried to reduce tension. He declared
Edit of Worms to be implemented as each Prince saw fit.
Church lands seized by reforming Princes were to remain in hand of the Princes and need not be returned to the Church -
Statement of beliefs and doctrines of the Lutherans,
-
Anabaptists were a sect that believed baptism only worked when done by audults who are fully aware of what they are doing. Eventually, re-baptism declared a capital offense.
-
King Henry VIII severs Church of England from Rome . Creates Anglican Church so that he can divorce his wife and remarry. Uses Parliament to give him ultimate religious power.
-
Believes salvation comes only through predestination, but living a totally good life is a sign of being chosen to be saved
-
Ignatius of Loyola founds. Jesuits promote Catholicism.
-
Reforms Bishop and Priest Conduct. Reaffirms Catholic Doctrine, Papal authority and 7 sacraments, Communion, power of indulgences (not sale), power of good works and clergy celibacy.
-
Fought between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Catholic)and the Schmalkaldic League(protestant).
-
Tries to revert England to Catholocism
-
Jews were forced to live in a walled city and locked in at night.
-
German Princes can now decide on the religion of their own state. Holy Roman Empire now divided between Catholics, Calvinists and Lutherans. Anabaptists not recognized
-
Enforces Protestantism through Acts of Uniformity but tolerates Catholicism
-
Part of the Counter Reformation. It included a list of banned books.
-
The most violent in a series of confrontations between French Catholics and Protestants.
-
King Phillip used Spanish Armada to try to invade England and Force back to Catholic Church
-
Bourbon King Henry IV declares a religious truce; official religion is Catholocism but Protestants are granted freedom.Huguenots allowed to practice faith.
-
Alliance of German Protestant leaders for purpose of defending the lands, and rights of each i member.
-
-
Created as a response to the Protestant Union
-
The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648, involved most of the major religious conflicts between Protestants and Catholics.
-
Attempt to restore the religious and territorial settlement after the Peace of Augsburg (1555). The "Ecclesiastical Reservation" forbade the s convertion of Cathlic land to some form of Protestant land after 1555.
-
These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)
-
A religious test for public office. Intended to keep Catholics out.
-
Wanted to get rid of Calvinism in France
-
Act of Parliament granting freedom of worship to nonconformists
-
Prevented the English Catholic line from occupying the throne.
-
Peter the Great abolished dhe patriarchate in Orthodox churches. Also, established governmental organization called the Holy Synod which was staffed by secular officials, to administer and control the church.
-
Agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reestablished the Roman Catholic Church in France.
-
Suspecting that the sultan wanted to curb their political power, the Janissaries revolted and massacred Christians in Serbia.
-
Set in motion Crimean War.
-
On matters of faith, Pope Pius stated that he could not make a mistake.
-
The Dreyfus case was the first case of modern anti-Semitism. A Jewish officer in the French Army, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, was wrongfully accused of spying on behalf of Germany. He was convicted and sent to prison. The real spy was eventually found.
-
Theodor Herzl publishes "The Jewish State"
-
Violent attacks against Jews.
-
Ottoman government killed its civilian Armenian population
-
Balfour declared his support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the area known as Palestine.
-
Lenin was suspicious of the church and atheism became mandatory for members of the ruling Russian Communist Party.
-
This was part of Ataturk’ s reforms
-
One more step for Hitler in stipping Jews of rights
-
A massive, coordinated attack on Jews .
-
SS coordinated the Final Solution in which the Nazis would attempt to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe, an estimated 11 million persons.
-
Unconditional German surrender
-
War immediately broke out with Arab neighbors.
