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Saint Amselm believed that faith was precondition for understanding and developed a philosophical proof for the existence of God.
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Fell in love with Heloise and fathered a child resulting in eventual castration. Alelard and Heloise are a metaphorical symbol of tragic love. Abelard wrote the Trinity and was accused of endangering faith and was confined in monastery for the rest of his life. He also developed the concept of Limbo and where unbaptized infants go.
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Henry II was the King of England, He was son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. Henry II was the driving force in extending and strengthening the institutions of English government.
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Robert Grosseteste was a Chancellor of Oxford University. He experiment on the refraction of light and demonstrated by reason the roundness of the earth.
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The siege and sack of Constantinople occurred April 1204 during the fourth crusade. Crusaders had captured, looted, and destroyed parts of Constantinople.
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Albertus Magnus sought rational explanations for natural phenomena by exploring natural science.
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Roger Bacon valued the study of mathematics, studied the reflection and refraction of light finding that light travels faster then sound and understood the anatomy of the eye.
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A charter of baronial liberties that defines the customary obligations and right of the nobility and forbidding the king to break from these customs without consulting his barons.
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Saint Thomas Aquinas rejected conservative belief that philosophy and reason would contaminate faith. He wrote the Summa Theologica - a systematic exposition of Christian thought and paid homage to human intelligence and proclaimed the value of rational activity.
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Giles of Rome argued that spiritual matters were higher than secular matters and that therefore the pope was always above any secular authority.
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Duns Scotus held that reason was unable to prove several Christian truths. This was not an suggestion that the Christian truths were rejected, merely that they must be accepted on faith alone and were not subject to rational proof. Christian philosophy responded by becoming more analytical and critical.
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Bishop of Paris condemned 219 propositions, taught at the University of Paris, some were taught by Thomas Aquinas.
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William of Ockham believed that all all things being equal the simplest solution tends to be the best one would become Ockham's Razor.
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Taxed the church to raise revenue for war, in violation of church rules. Pope Boniface VIII stated that rules who imposed taxes on the clergy and the clergy who paid such taxes would be excommunicated. The Pope, unable to enforce his decree, backed down and stated that the French king could tax the clergy in times of national emergency.
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Marsiglio of Padua was an Italian scholar, trained in medicine, who practiced a variety of professions. He argued that temporal affairs should not and could not concern the church as a spiritual entity. Politics are not a matter of faith and do not derive from God.
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Upheld papal supremacy over secular rulers.
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People scavenged for food where many died of starvation or was malnutrition and disease were rampant.
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Pope Clement V was the first of the Avignon Popes, and moved the Papacy from Rome to France.
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During the Babylonian Captivity the Avignon pope was the seat of the papacy. The Papacy became a tool for French royal policy as they became dependent to France after losing Italian income. Anti-papal sentiments on the rise.
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Stressed personal relationship between individual and God and believed the bible should be in a language that the common person could read. denounced clergy wealth and the process of transubstantiation. Had followers known as Lollard many were burned after Wycliffe was forced to recant his position.
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Originated in Mongolia through black rats and fleas. Many died quickly due to being malnourished and the dense population. About 25% of the population was wiped out and the people believe that God was punishing them for the sins of wicked humanity.
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The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged by the Kingdom of England, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. Fighting took place mostly in France not England.
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First of English victories during the Edwardian phase of the Hundred Years' War.
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The black Death/plague reached Sicily.
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The Battle of Poitiers was a major English victory in the Edwardian phase of the Hundred Years' War.
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Agreed with all of Wycliffe’s teachings Hus followers were known as Hussites. Hus was promised safe conduct to appear before the church, but was arrested, condemned, and burned. In spite of silencing Hus and Wycliffe, the seeds of dissatisfaction were sown and would continue to grow.
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Pope Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome.
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Upon death of Gregory XI, Urban VI was elected as Pope in Rome.
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Roman Catholic church convened a council with the intention of ending the Great Schism. Rival popes had his own Curia (bureaucracy) and were set up in Rome and Avignon.
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Inspired by God and her martyrdom would inspire and reinvigorate the French.
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Council of Constance was a council recognized by the Catholic Church which resulted in the abdication of rival claimants and an end to the Great schism.
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The Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory in the Hundred Years' War. It appeared that England would conquer.
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The city of Orleans, France, overrun by English forces. Was liberated by Joan of Arc a French peasant who successfully led a French force to break the siege.
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Joan of Arc was captured, condemned as a heretic, and was burned as a witch.
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Happened during the Hundred Year War - The English were driven out of France except for Calais.
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Concilliar movement was a Christian reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church which was to determine who held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Church. Pope Pius II, condemned the conciliar movement as heretical.
