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James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA)
- There was tension between Inuit and Cree people over land in the James bay area
- A treaty was signed which gave Cree and Inuit land, and financial aid
- It influenced more future agreements between the indigenous and Quebec
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The Duplessis Era
- Maurice Duplessis was a conservative who rose to power
- He focused on economic growth and and having conservative values
- It set up the beginning of the quiet revolution
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Act to Promote Rural Electrification
-They needed to put electricity easier to access in quieter regions of quebec
- It brought more modern growth in rural parts of quebec
- it boosted the economies in those rural parts of quebec -
The Cold War
- There were T\tensions between the U.S. because of their by ideological differences capitalism vs. communism -Canada aligned themselves with the U.S. in NATO, which increased military power -Quebec became more involved in global politics.
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Adoption of the Fleurdelisé (Québec’s Flag)
-Quebec had the desire for cultural identity
-The Fleurdelisé was Quebec's flag in 1960, symbolizing Quebec's French and cultural pride.
- The flag became a powerful symbol of Quebec's identity, im-powering the province’s political and cultural autonomy. -
Refus Global Manifesto Published
- They started to disconnect from the traditional and conservative views. -The 1948 manifesto was speaking up for forartistic freedom and secularism. -It influencing Quebec's shift toward secularism, modernization.
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Asbestos Strike
-Poor working conditions and low wages in the asbestos industry
-The strike became violent, leading to deaths and a awareness for working rights .
-It contributed to the rise of unions and labor movements. -
Majority of Immigrants Come from Italy
-After World War II labor shortages in Quebec, encouraged large waves of Italian immigration to Quebec.
-Italians became one of the largest immigrant groups in Quebec, contributing to the province's economy, culture.
-Italian immigration created diversity because of the food, language, and urban landscape -
Introduction of Provincial Income Tax (Fiscal Autonomy)
-Quebec's desire for greater financial control and autonomy from the federal government.
-In 1954, Quebec introduced its own provincial income tax, allowing the province to get more money
-It gave Quebec more power over its economy. -
Arrival of Television in Québec
-Technological advancements and the demand for entertainment and news.
-Television was introduced in 1952 making new communication and entertainment, with French-language programming catering to Quebec’s
- Promoted a new sense of identity strengthening the French-language media. -
Contraception Becomes More Accessible
-Growing demand for birth control in the 1960s, and change of attitude to sexual freedom .
-Quebec government made contraception more accessible
-It contributed to social and cultural change, empowering women -
The Quiet Revolution
-Discontent with the conservative, religious influence in Quebec
-Major reforms took place, including secularization and the growth of Quebec nationalism
-It transformed Quebec into a more modern, secular, and progressive society -
Creation of the Department of Cultural Affairs
-Promote Quebec's distinct culture and identity
-In 1961 the Department of Cultural Affairs was made for the arts and culture, and to promote Quebec's heritage.
-It strengthened Quebec’s cultural identity, creating a great arts scene -
Establishment of CEGEPs and Université du Québec Network
- aimed to make higher education more accessible and aligned with Quebec's values. -CEGEPs provide pre-university and technical education to offer affordable higher education
- helped create a more educated work strcuture.
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Bill 16 – Married Women Gain Legal Independence
-women's rights movement in Quebec and wantig to improve women's independence in marriage.
-gave married women the right to manage their own property, make money, and legal decisions without their husband.
-It helped gender equality in Quebec, promoting social changes and women’s rights in society. -
Creation of the Ministry of Education (Parent Report Recommendations)
- It highlighted issues with the education system in Quebec like outdated teaching methods and not a lot of access to goo education
- Quebec created the Ministry of Education from the recommendations of the Parent Report. This led to the improvement of access to education. -Quebec's education system became more accessible. increased literacy rates and education . The creation of the Ministry was the start for future educational decisions across canada
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Expo 67 – Showcasing Québec’s Identity to the World
-Expo 67 showed Canada's achievements and brought different cultures together. Quebec, especially, wanted to share its culture.
-Quebec presented its French culture, art, and architecture. The province focused on its heritage and identity and showing their pride.
-It helped promote Quebec's culture to the world. For Canada, it showed its identity as bilingual and a country full of many cultures -
Passage of Bill 63 – Language Rights Debate
-there was lot's concern in Quebec about the preservation of the French language , especially because english was an increasing language. Bill 63 was introduced to give protection to the French language
-Bill 63 allowed parents to choose the language of instruction for their children but they still really wanted french in schools.
-Bill 63 started the beginning of the language rights debate in Quebec. -
Political & Social Changes (1970-1980)
- There was a growing want for more political power for French Quebecers and led to more tensions between English and French people.
- The passage of Bill 101 in 1977, which made French the official language in Quebec and restricted English use in public life. -These changes intensified Quebec nationalism. It led to many political movements.
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Introduction of Québec’s Medicare System (Health Insurance Act)
-There was worry over access to healthcare in Quebec, and many people couldn't to afford the right medical services.
-This established a funded healthcare system, which introduced Quebec’s Medicare system.
-This improved access to medical services. -
Laurendeau-Dunton Commission & Bilingualism Debate
-There was tension between english and french canadians so the government wanted there to be equality between the lamguages
- It made English and French official languages in Canada and lead to the Official Languages Act.
-This recognized French and English as equal languages. . -
Bill 22 – French as Québec’s Official Language
-there was some concern in Quebec about how English was on the rise and they wanted to perserve the French culture.
- Bill 22 was passed which made French the official language in Quebec.
-This helped Quebec’s identity as French speaking and was a step to protect the French language. -
Election of René Lévesque & The Parti Québécois
- Quebec went through political and social changes with the desires for greater autonomy. Rene Levesque found the Parti Québécois help the interests of French-speaking Quebecers.
- this shifted Quebec's politics. The parti quebecois promised Quebec's independence and worke on gaining more control over Quebec's economy.
- This marked the rise of Quebec nationalism and sovereignty
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Bill 101 – The Charter of the French Language
-The french thought the english were over dominating and got very worried
- the Parti Québécois made French the official language of Quebec. It made strict language and made french to be used in government, education, business.
-Bill 101 helped strengthened the French language in Quebec and showed Quebec’s identity as a French province. . -
Economic Downturn
- Quebec was faced an economic downturn because of the oil crisis, lot's of unemployment, and inflation. -The government faced lower budgets and many businesses moved to other provinces.
- The downturn had pushed the government to seek more economic reforms.