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-placed in between the Senegal and Niger rivers
-borders Mali and Mauritania
-22 kings ruled
-principal state of west Africa -
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-born 570
-became a prophet of Allah
-"leader" of the Muslims
-died in 632 -
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-placed enormous demands on their subjects in the course of building strong, centralized government
-ordered the construction of very many complex projects
-levied high taxes -
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-organized China into a powerful, productive and prosperous society
-many successes were due to the second emperor, Tang Taizong
-produced many inventions and technology
-decline caused by increase in taxes, invaders, rebellions and inability to control vast empire -
-also known as the 'black death'
-one of the most destructive diseases in that time
-no medicines, resistance, or immunity to repel
-the only 'cure' was death
-caused populations to decline in China and Europe
-bacterial infection transmitted by fleas that turned skin black -
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-solved a problem of succession that was occurring
-ranked most prominent of Mecca merchant clans
-tightly centralized rule
-policies reflected Arab military aristocracy -
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-prevented Chinese domination of the Koren peninsula
-agreed to a political compromise with Tang
-recognized Tang emperor as overlord -
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-centered on the city of Nara
-highest point of Chinese influence -
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-the principle source of authority in the dar al-Islam
-not a conquering dynasty but struggled with invaders
-came after the Umayyad dynasty
-more cosmopolitan than the Umayyad dynasty -
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-Charles Martel's grandson
-maintained diplomatic relations with other empires
-extended authority to Spain -
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-samurai's appeared during this period (land protectors)
-imperial capital was Heian-kyō
-characterized by the flourishing culture of the aristocratic court
-focused on the art and literature aspect of civilization
-attacked and overtaken by outside forces -
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-located in Cambodia
-utilized vast resources of labor and wealth
-partially abandoned in 1431
-political inceptions imported from India
-adapted to local traditions -
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-mistrusted military leaders
-focused on civil administration, industry, education and art rather than military affairs
-overtaken by the Mongols -
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-true source of power in the Abbasid empire
-nomadic people from central Asia -
-tensions mirrored political strains between the Roma and Constantinople Christian Church
-ritual and doctrinal differences
-relations became so strained, they separated, creating a schism -
-lead by Duke William
-very tightly centralized government
-brought Normandy policies and traditions into England -
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-Pope Urban II ordered Christian knights to take back the holy lands
-Christian knights built 3 siege towers to aid in the battle (finished on June 13)
-tens of thousands were slaughtered in the process -
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-the heart of a thriving trade empire
-the capital of the Zimbabwe, which was located between the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers
-known for gold, ivory and slaves -
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-northern China was taken in 1127
-taken by Chingis Khan
-southern China was taken in 1279
-Taken by Khubilai Khan -
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-because of the power struggles, the crusaders diverted their mission to topple the Byzantine empire
-declared war on Constantinople
-ended with the conquest of looting the empire later that year -
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-in 1300, it was one of the largest empires in the world
-took over the kingdom of Ghana after it's leaders couldn't stabilize it again
-controlled and taxed almost all trade in west Africa
-the capital city was Niani -
-built empire through military strength
-population: 12 million
-very advanced technology
-was quickly overtaken by Spanish invaders and overwhelmed by diseases -
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-unified Mongols
-proclaimed as "universal leader"
-expanded Mongol empire
-first ruler of Mongols -
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-spent four years fighting off contenders for the rule
-presided over the Mongol Empire at its highest
-finished Chinggis Khan's work -
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-went at 17 years of age
-the great khan took a special liking to Marco because of his being an amazing conversationalist and storyteller
-was sent on diplomatic missions by khan -
-claimed authority over all of northern India
-conceived plans to conquer southern India and extend Muslim rule there
-faced constant challenges from Hindu princes in neighboring lands -
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-founded by Khubilai Khan
-southern China -
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-best known Muslim traveler
-was a Qadi advisor to the sultanate of Delhi
-traveled as qadi to many places -
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-significance of trade in Islam increased during his rule
-made pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324
-took religion seriously -
-Turkic-Mongol conquerer
-built central Asian empire rivaling that of Chinggis Khan
-lead campaigns of conquest -
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-involved France and England
-main factors were that 1) the king of England wanted to claim the throne of France and 2) over who got the status of the duchy
-no clear winner (war just kind of died out because England realized France's troops were too strong to handle) -
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-founded by Hongwu
-known for cultural brilliance
-set to eliminate all Mongol traces
-little interest in scholarly matters
-reestablished civil service exams -
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-gone for almost 30 years
-he was a eunuch admiral
-went on each voyage with a fleet of ships (usually around 250)
-went to Asia, India, Ceylon, Persia, Arabia, and Malinda -
-created by Emperor Constantine
-fell to the Ottoman Turks
-renamed Istanbul
