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Importance: The Columbian Exchange was the trade of foods, diseases, and animals between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. This is a significant event as it has led to the world being interconnected for the first time and forever. This changed the world that we know today! For example, we would not have tea in America if it weren’t for the Columbian Exchange! -
Continuity Change (continuation): Moreover, diseases of smallpox were spread to natives due to the eastern hemisphere as a result which completely deteriorated their society, changing their society forever. Though these changes, due to the interaction, were adopted, many indigenous people wanted to continue their religion despite the religion of Christianity being introduced to them.
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Continuity Change: The Columbian Exchange changed the foods eaten, animals, and the diseases spread in each hemisphere. For instance, sugar and wheat were now eaten in the Western Hemisphere because of the exchange between the Eastern Hemisphere where they gave potatoes, maize, and more. The food exchange changed the Eastern Hemisphere as the population increased, and they gained better nutrition. However, deforestation and soil depletion were the result of the food exchange for the Natives.
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Continuity Change (continuation): But, over time their religion got mixed into Christianity. Although Christianity was adopted over time, they continued to practice their traditional religion within this new syncretic religion.
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Vasco Da Gama reached India, where he got spices that helped the economy of Portugal. By acquiring these spices directly, Portugal could avoid the high prices associated with traveling through multiple countries. Additionally, Vasco Da Gama claimed territory for Portuguese ports, which was a key step in expanding trade in the Indian Ocean, which then supported the economic growth of Portugal. -
The Triangular Trade known as the Atlantic Trading system was a system of three segments. Europeans would carry manufactured goods (eg. firearms) to West Africa, and then would get Africans to slave to the Americas, and then from the Americas would get sugar or tobacco to take to Europe. Sugar was the most profitable good from the Americas to Europe. The economy of Europe is booming because they are receiving a more profitable product and getting more of a gain than a loss.
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The Safavids were a new empire ruled by the strong ruler Ismail. At the beginning of the Safavid Empire, they had strong political rulers. He used Shia Islam as a unifying force and built a power base that supported his rule. -
The Protestant Reformation started when many figures came to challenge the Church for its nonbiblical teachings. Figures include John Wycliffe, who argued priests were unnecessary for violation, and Martin Luther, who objected to the sale of indulgences by the Church and more. -
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses challenged the Church’s power and practices of selling indulgences and simony, which violated biblical teachings. He advocated for “sola fide,” which means faith alone.
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The Great Dying occurred because of the diseases that came from the European environment as the Europeans traveled to the Americas, thereby transporting diseases like Smallpox, Measles, etc. to the Native Americans who were not at all immune to the diseases like the Europeans were.
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The transatlantic slave trade involved the forced transportation of African people against their will. Their human rights were disregarded as they were taken from their homes and placed on ships to go to the Americas and other regions as slaves. Their human rights were violated as they were crammed into boats with little to no food or water. The conditions were unsanitary, and they faced abuse at the hands of the Europeans.
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Akbar was known as the best Mughal Leader because of his religious tolerance. His leadership was very notable in India due to his encouragement of learning, literature, art, and architecture. As a leader, he kept peace in India, a very diverse country. Moreover, under his leadership, trade flourished.
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The Dutch East India joint-stock company was a driving force behind the development of the Dutch empire as it allowed the continued exploration and places to colonize and get resources from. All of this contributes positively to their economy as exploration means finding places to colonize to get goods that support the economy at the time, as those goods are what people need and want to buy.
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The innovation of Astronomical charts allowed mariners to determine their location and guide their ships. Thus, this improved navigation allowed explorers to discover new trade routes. -
The Thirty Years' War was a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia, in which each area of the Holy Roman Empire had to select one of three religions: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.
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The Manchus established the Qing Dynasty. Under their leadership, the Qing Dynasty tripled the amount of land they first controlled when they established the Qing dynasty.
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The two countries fought as their religions were different, the Mughal being Sunni and the Safavid Being Shia. Moreover, they fought for control over resources and trade routes. The two countries didn't have diplomacy.
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The Casta system is a social hierarchy based on race and ethnicity. The order of the Casta System was Pennsiulares, Criollos, and then castas (in the order: mestizos, mulattoes, and Zambos). The people who had any part African or Indian or both were placed lower.
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Mercantilism was the way European countries used to measure the wealth of their country. Countries set policies to export as many goods to get more gold and silver back and have less imports to buy as many goods as possible – to lessen the precious materials coming out of the country.
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The Enlightenment was a European intellectual movement during which many philosophers, such as John Locke, emphasized reason and science over tradition and faith. The Enlightenment was important as the philosophers in the Enlightenment helped change the culture of Europe to shift from a reliance on religion to thought. The Enlightenment Era encouraged people to question the authority of their government, where some used the Divine Right.
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This represented the beginning of a new era of thought and revolution, inspiring movements worldwide as many adopted enlightenment ideas and embraced them to rise against the oppressor. Many newly independent states rose to power. Revolutions include the Haitian and French. Without the Enlightenment, some of the major countries' historical developments in the future wouldn't exist like the Declaration of Independence and revolutions.
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Many Scientists still used science in the Enlightenment Era like Isaac Newton. Moreover, science was the basis of the Enlightenment Era. Scientific methods developed from the Scientific era were used during the Enlightenment Era to provide evidence to challenge a government's or colonizers oppressive power. Lastly, the Enlightened Era included the rise of isms. A notable one is capitalism by Adam Smith which led to a new era in the future where industries rose based on Capitalism.