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Had to show evidence for effective occupation - both administration and defence
Only 20% of Africa under European control
Kenya under British control -
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Khalifa Abdullah succeeded Mahdi
Tried to unite people of Sudan
Plagued by war from internal fighters, disease, famine
Gladstone wanted to remove troops but Salisbury wanted to reconquers parts of Sudan -
Executed around 30 Protestants and Catholics
Provoked a civil war
Mwanga fled -
Initially acquired in 1808 -
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Mwanga signed treaty with Lord Lugard - promised to hand over some sovereignty to Imperial British East Africa Company
Ceded powers over revenue, trade, administration of justice -
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Previously had largely established bases for strategic reasons or trade
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Formal protectorate established
Still maintained rule of Sultan of Oman -
Agreed to recognise Brit dominance over area in exchange for recognition of French claim to Madagascar
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Spheres of influence in Africa
Kenya, Uganda + Zanzibar ceded to British - Zanzibar became protectorate + installed Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini
Germany given Tanganyika -
Had been opened up by Livingstone and settled by Scottish missionaries
Faced Portuguese-backed Arab resistance
Guerilla warfare + resistance until 1897 -
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80,000 warriors vs British Maxim guns
King Lobengula escaped + resistance continued -
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Determined to uphold British position in all parts of the world
Brought wars, threat of wars, ambitious programmes to consolidate Empire
Protectorates expanded for better security to pre existing ports, markets, resources, new territories -
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Spiritual leader Mlimo led an unsuccessful rising against colonial rule
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Bores + Paul Kruger denied Uitlanders in Transvaal right to vote
Sought help of Cecil Rhodes
Excuse for British intervention
Rhodes's agent Jameson led a raid of 500 mounted police - overthrow Kruger
Easily defeated - too drunk
4 days
Jameson + 12 companions sentenced to imprisonment
British gov discredited
Rhodes forced to reign Cape Premiership but not put on trial
Covert aid by Chamberlain but was covered up
Kruger became people's hero
Boers in Cape formed anti-British "Afrikaner Bond" -
Conflict had distracted Khalifa Abdullah of Sudan but when it was over, Salisbury had an excuse for a British campaign in Sudan
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Connect coast with land surrounding Lake Victoria
660 miles, 5 yrs
2500 workers - indentured labourers from India + China
Poor pay + conditions
Corporal punishment/debilitating fines for insubordination
Funded by taxpayers
Justified by:
Access to new markets
Encouraged colonial settlement
Facilitated export of tea and coffee
Protected source of Nile from enemies
Promoted tourism esp. safari tours
Help end Arab-run E African slave trade - victims used as porters carrying commodities around Africa -
Britain conquered Anglo Asante War
Forced King Prempeh from his throne -
Mysteriously died (rumours of poison)
Cousin Khalid took throne without permission of British
British told him to stand down but he refused
Naval bombardment
War lasted 38 mins
500 Zanzibaris killed - mainly civilian recruits
Khalid overthrown
pro-British Hamad introduced -
Kitchener wanted to go further and take Khartoum and whole region
Used Maxim guns, field artillery, modern rifles against army with much older weapons -
British won
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French expedition arrived under Major Marchand
Both Kitchener and Marchand accused each other of trespassing
Meeting not fiery
Press reacted by saying Britain and France on verge of war
French gov chose to back down - had internal divisions, knew about British army in Sudan -
Limit French and Italian ambitions in area
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Following Fashoda Incident
French stay out of Nile Valley in return for territory further west -
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Sudan administered as a condominium between Britain and Egypt
Sudan run by British with Egyptian support
Lord Kitchener appointed as governor general
Set up Gordon College to train young Sudanese for gov
Britain did not allow Egypt Sudan unification despite Egyptian expectations -
Boers invaded British Ladysmith in Natal
400,000 British troops
£250 million
Scorched Earth policy -
Direct British rule in North
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Britain's formal annexation of kingdom
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Under BSAC
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Boers acknowledged themselves as British subjects
Boer republics became British colonies
Promise of responsible self government -
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British South Africa Company rule replaced by protectorate
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PMs of Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, Natal
Single parliament
Became British dominion
Black Africans given no protection from settler colonial racism -
Under BSAC
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