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Gold Coast acquired
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British acquired Transvaal
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Mahdist Revolt
-
Egypt and Sudan acquired
-
Berlin Conference
Had to show evidence for effective occupation - both administration and defence
Only 20% of Africa under European control
Kenya under British control -
British acquire Southern Nigeria
-
Northern Nigeria acquired
-
General Gordon killed in Khartoum
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Mahdist Revolt ends
Khalifa Abdullah succeeded Mahdi
Tried to unite people of Sudan
Plagued by war from internal fighters, disease, famine
Gladstone wanted to remove troops but Salisbury wanted to reconquers parts of Sudan -
King Mwanga attempts to assert authority
Executed around 30 Protestants and Catholics
Provoked a civil war
Mwanga fled -
Sierra Leone protectorate
Initially acquired in 1808 -
British East Africa acquired
-
Uganda acquired
Mwanga signed treaty with Lord Lugard - promised to hand over some sovereignty to Imperial British East Africa Company
Ceded powers over revenue, trade, administration of justice -
Somaliland Protectorate established
-
British policy more assertive
Previously had largely established bases for strategic reasons or trade -
Zanzibar acquired
Formal protectorate established
Still maintained rule of Sultan of Oman -
Agreement with French over Nigeria
Agreed to recognise Brit dominance over area in exchange for recognition of French claim to Madagascar -
British and German Treaty
Spheres of influence in Africa
Kenya, Uganda + Zanzibar ceded to British - Zanzibar became protectorate + installed Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini
Germany given Tanganyika -
Nyasaland acquired
Had been opened up by Livingstone and settled by Scottish missionaries
Faced Portuguese-backed Arab resistance
Guerilla warfare + resistance until 1897 -
Matabeleland acquired
-
First Ndebele War
80,000 warriors vs British Maxim guns
King Lobengula escaped + resistance continued -
Uganda becomes formal protectorate
-
Imperial British East Africa Company replaced by replaced by formal protectorate
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Matabeleland incorporated into Rhodesia
-
Rhodesia acquired
-
Tories won under Lord Salisbury
Determined to uphold British position in all parts of the world
Brought wars, threat of wars, ambitious programmes to consolidate Empire
Protectorates expanded for better security to pre existing ports, markets, resources, new territories -
Kenya part of British East Africa Protectorate
-
Second Ndebele War
Spiritual leader Mlimo led an unsuccessful rising against colonial rule -
Joseph Chamberlain becomes Colonial Secretary
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Jameson Raid
Bores + Paul Kruger denied Uitlanders in Transvaal right to vote
Sought help of Cecil Rhodes
Excuse for British intervention
Rhodes's agent Jameson led a raid of 500 mounted police - overthrow Kruger
Easily defeated - too drunk
4 days
Jameson + 12 companions sentenced to imprisonment
British gov discredited
Rhodes forced to reign Cape Premiership but not put on trial
Covert aid by Chamberlain but was covered up
Kruger became people's hero
Boers in Cape formed anti-British "Afrikaner Bond" -
Italians defeated in Adowa, Abyssinia
Conflict had distracted Khalifa Abdullah of Sudan but when it was over, Salisbury had an excuse for a British campaign in Sudan -
Uganda Railway from Mombasa
Connect coast with land surrounding Lake Victoria
660 miles, 5 yrs
2500 workers - indentured labourers from India + China
Poor pay + conditions
Corporal punishment/debilitating fines for insubordination
Funded by taxpayers
Justified by:
Access to new markets
Encouraged colonial settlement
Facilitated export of tea and coffee
Protected source of Nile from enemies
Promoted tourism esp. safari tours
Help end Arab-run E African slave trade - victims used as porters carrying commodities around Africa -
Fourth Anglo Asante War
Britain conquered Anglo Asante War
Forced King Prempeh from his throne -
Sultan Hamad killed
Mysteriously died (rumours of poison)
Cousin Khalid took throne without permission of British
British told him to stand down but he refused
Naval bombardment
War lasted 38 mins
500 Zanzibaris killed - mainly civilian recruits
Khalid overthrown
pro-British Hamad introduced -
Kitchener given permission to penetrate Sudanese territory as far as Dongola
Kitchener wanted to go further and take Khartoum and whole region
Used Maxim guns, field artillery, modern rifles against army with much older weapons -
Battle of Omdurman
British won -
Fashoda Incident
French expedition arrived under Major Marchand
Both Kitchener and Marchand accused each other of trespassing
Meeting not fiery
Press reacted by saying Britain and France on verge of war
French gov chose to back down - had internal divisions, knew about British army in Sudan -
Administrative and military personnel in Somaliland
Limit French and Italian ambitions in area -
Agreement with French
Following Fashoda Incident
French stay out of Nile Valley in return for territory further west -
Sudan condominium of Britain and Egypt
-
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Sudan administered as a condominium between Britain and Egypt
Sudan run by British with Egyptian support
Lord Kitchener appointed as governor general
Set up Gordon College to train young Sudanese for gov
Britain did not allow Egypt Sudan unification despite Egyptian expectations -
Second Anglo Boer War
Boers invaded British Ladysmith in Natal
400,000 British troops
£250 million
Scorched Earth policy -
Royal Niger Company rule converted into colony
Direct British rule in North -
Asante Uprising
Britain's formal annexation of kingdom -
Southern Rhodesia protectorate established
Under BSAC -
Queen Vicky died
-
Ashantiland incorporated into Gold Coast Colony
-
Transvaal integrated into Union for South Africa
-
Reginald Wingate becomes governor-general of Egypt and Sudan
-
Peace of Vereening
Boers acknowledged themselves as British subjects
Boer republics became British colonies
Promise of responsible self government -
90% of Africa under European rule
-
Responsible self government given to Boers
-
Formal protectorate in Nyasaland
British South Africa Company rule replaced by protectorate -
Constitution for Union of South Africa
PMs of Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, Natal
Single parliament
Became British dominion
Black Africans given no protection from settler colonial racism -
Northern Rhodesia becomes protectorate
Under BSAC -
Egypt protectorate
-
United Nigeria
