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In the early 19th century, the Jallaba, a group of northern Muslim traders mostly from the Ja'aliyyin and Danagla tribes of the Nile valley, came in increasing numbers ot southern Sudan, northern Bahr al-Ghazal, which became an important
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The south-western region of Bahr al-Ghazal was one of the most prominent centers of slave trading on the African continent in the late 19th century Class article
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From the mid-1800's, foreign traders encouraged hostile tribal groups to raid each other for treasure including ivory and slaves. The Baggara, Muslim cattle herders who regard them-selves as Arabs, penetrated south into Bahr al-Ghazal, the land of the Dinka and other African, non-Arabized tribes Class article
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Muhammad Ahmad was born in 1844. He became a soft spoken mystic who went to Aba island which was 150 miles south of Khartoum (The capital of Sudan) for religous reasons and calling himself the second great prophet in 1881.
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Early in 1884, tribes of the west rallied to the Mahdi's call for a war against the infidels and despots. The Mahdi was master of all Sudan save Khartoum. http://www.sudan.net/history.php
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On January 19, 1899 Britain and Egypt signed a condominium agreement under which the Sudan is to be ran together. In twelve years, the Sudan's profits tripled, and its budget allowed a balanced state which was maintained until 1960.
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In the first tow decades of the 20th century, the British conducted a pacification campaign in Southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains. They used military force including the earliest aerial bombing against people who often regarded the British not as their saviors from slavery but as a new wave of invaders
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In the 1920's a series of laws, the Closed Districts Ordinances placed tight controls on access to the South, the Nuba Mountains, Darfur and Southern Blue Nile, whose peoples - after "pacification" - were now regarded as needed "protection". Class article
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Mounting Egyptian nationalism in the period after World War I culminated in 1924 in the assassination of Cairo of Sir Lee Stack, the General of Sudan. British reaction resulted in the expulsion of all Egyptian officials from the Sudan.
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By 1945, two political parties had emerged. The National Unionist Party led by al-Azhari, demanded union of the Sudan and Egypt; it had the support of Sayed Sir Ali al- Mirghani, head of a powerful religious sect. The Umma Party, backed by Sayed Sir Abdur-Rahman al-Mahdi demanded unqualified independence and no links with Egypt
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The Southern Policy ended after the Juba Conference , at which Southern chiefs agreed with northern nationalists to pursue a united Sudan. A crash program of integration followed.
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In the eyes of Southerners, Sudanization was effectively Northernization. Southerners were not represented at the 1953 Cairo Conference on self-rule, on the grounds that they had "no party or organization"
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On February 12, 1953, Britain and Egypt signed an agreement agreeing to grant Sudan self government within three years
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On December 19, 1955, everyone in Parliament agreed and voted that Sudan should become its own state.
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British and Egyptian troops left the country on January 1, 1956
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The war ended officially in March 1972, when Colonel Numeiry signed a peace pact with Major-General Lagu (the Leader of the Anya-Nya rebels in the south).
http://www.sudan.net/history.php
