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Gutenberg printed the first book ever, the Bible. This event was the beginning stage of printing and binding of books. Later, printing presses would be used to mass produce books for educational purposes.
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“Teachers need to integrate technology seamlessly into the curriculum instead of viewing it as an add-on, an afterthought, or an event.” – Heidi-Hayes Jacobs
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The stereoscope first appeared in England at the World's Fair in 1851. By the 1860s, it could be found in every parlor in America. In the early 1900s, the stereoscope was used in public schools. mostly to teach economic geography. The Invention of the Stereoscope
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The school slate was used by children in America to practice writing, arithmetic, and drawing. Chalk was used to write on the slate. Attached to each slate was a cloth or rag for erasing.
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In 1897, John Dewey developed a theory on progressive education. This theory is based on five theoretical standpoints: what is education, what is school, the subject matter of education, nature of the method, and the school and social progress. The "subject matter of education" relates to educational technology in that it states that the school curriculum should reflect that of society.
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Prior to the pencil, chalkboards, chalk, and slates were used in classrooms. Pencil and paper were mass produced to provide a new educational tool for the classroom.
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Victor Animatography Company produced the first portable lantern-slide and 16mm projector
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The University of Wisconsin operated the oldest educational radio station. WHA Radio was owned by the State of Wisconsin.
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The film projector was able to bring still objects into the classroom. The use of this projector was the beginning of applying multiple intelligence into the classroom. Thomas Edison predicted that "scholars would soon be instructed through the eye."
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The overhead projector was first used as a training tool for World War II. This technology became a useful tool in business and education. It would be used in the classroom for the next 80 years.
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Constructivism Theory is based on how people learn. People construct their own opinions of the world based on their experiences and reflection on these experiences. Technology integration of constructivism is the designs and environments that engage students.
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Prior to 1938, the fountain pen was the only way to write using ink. This type of pen required the user to dip fountain pen in ink. The invention of the ballpoint pen simplified the writing process. In 1945, Reynolds International Pen Company began to mass produce these pens and schools made the transition from fountain pens.
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The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the first programmable electronic digital computer. It was created during World War II for the purpose of computing values for artillery. The Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania was contracted by the US Army to create an electronic computer.
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Flight simulators were the first computers used for instruction. They were used to train MIT pilots. In 1954, United Airlines purchased four flight simulators from Curtiss-Wright for 3 million dollars.
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The slide rule was used in mathematics prior to the calculator. This device made it easier to use logarithms to assist with multiplication and division. Due to the affordability of calculators, slide rules were used until the mid-1970s.
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Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy is a set of hierarchical models used to classify educational learning objectives. The framework consists of six major categories: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Bloom's Digital Taxonomy is used when adding technology to instruction and curriculum.
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On October 4, 1957, scientists in the Soviet Union launched a satellite called Sputnik 1. The United States government was shocked to find out that the Soviet Union were ahead of us in math and science. In 1958, Congress passed the National Defense Educational Act ($1 billion) to help U.S. students compete in math and science with the Soviets.
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Behaviorism is defined as "the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning. without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and the psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns" (Google Dictionary). Behaviorism-based technologies demonstrate the possibilities of achieving dramatic gains through control.
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The IBM 650 introduces its first commercially available digital computer. It sold for $500,000 and contained 2kb of memory.
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Texas Instrument invented the first handheld calculator with integrated circuits in 1967. The calculator first sold for $149.95. Public school systems grappled with whether calculators should be allowed in schools and how they would change math instruction. In 1975. National Advisory Committee on Mathematical Education issued a report on calculators. They recommended that calculators should be used for 8th grade and up.
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Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the foundation of the internet. It was the first network to utilize packet switching and TCP/IP protocol suite. It was developed as a communication system in case of a nuclear war.
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A Scantron is a form of Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) that is used for grading bubble sheet when testing. This device allowed teachers to mass grade multiple choice or true-false questions on tests. The OMR is still used in most primary and secondary schools.
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In 1972, Intel introduced the first single-chip microprocessor, Intel 4004. This computer on a chip was the beginning of the computer revolution. As this chip became smaller and faster, computer devices also became smaller and faster.
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Apple computer is developed. The company sells 50 Apple Computer 1. The Apple Company would begin marketing to primary schools and be known as the educational computer.
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Personal computers were starting to be used in the classroom in the late 70s. They were mostly used for drilling and practice programs. In the early 80s, high school students began programming in BASIC.
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CD-ROM drive is a player that can read compact disc read-only memory. The format for the CD-ROM was developed in 1982. It can hold 700MB of data and can store music, data files, and software. Prior to the internet, all educational software was stored on a CD-ROM.
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Howard Gardner's theory states that students learn in multiple ways. These ways include visual, interpersonal, logical, verbal, musical, kinesthetic, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Gardner also studied how individual learning styles can be applied to technology-enhanced learning environments.
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Casio produced the first handheld graphing calculator in Tokyo, Japan. It offered 82 scientific functions and graphing capabilities. When the graphing calculator was first introduced, it was mostly used by college students. Now it is also used in high school math courses.
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PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
This program provided grants to LEAs to build capacity and improve teaching and learning with technology. -
Distributed Cognition Theory is a "branch of the cognitive sciences that proposes cognition and knowledge is not confined to an individual; rather, it is distributed across objects, individuals, artifacts, and tools in the environment." It is widely applied to the field of distance learning and computer-supported collaborative learning. https://www.learning-theories.com/distributed-cognition-dcog.html
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The social cognitive theory, developed by Albert Bandura, states that students learn through their own actions or through observing others.
"Technology can show video models of good student performances and can increase self-efficacy through self-modeling videos."
PowerPoint Presentation: Learning Theories and Technology Implications
