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The Italian philosopher Giordani Bruno is burned at the stake.
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The Dutch defeat the Portuguese in a naval battle in the Indonesian Archipelago.
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Shah Abbas of Iran drives the Portuguese from Bahrain.
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Leyasu rules Japan, moves capital to Edo (Tokyo).
Shakespeare's Hamlet. -
Cervantes's Don Quixote de la Mancha, the first modern novel.
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Jamestown, Virginia was established- the first permanent English Colony on the American mainland. Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, saves the life of John Smith.
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Samuel de Champlain establishes the French colony of Quebec. The Relation, the first newspaper, debuts in Germany.
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Galileo sees the moons of Jupiter through his telescope
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Gustavus Adolphus elected King of Sweden. King James Version of the Bible published in England. Rubens paints his Descent from the Cross.
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John Napier discovers logarithms.
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Start of the Thiry Years' War; Protestants revolt against Catholic oppression; Denmark, Sweden, and France will invade Germany in later phases of the war. Kepler proposes the last of three laws of planetary motion
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A Dutch ship brings the first African slaves to British North America.
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Pilgrims, after a three-month voyage in Mayflower, land at Plymouth Rock. Francis Bacon's Novum Organum.
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New Netherland founded by the Dutch West India Company.
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Inquisition forces Galileo (astronomer) to recant his belief in the Copernican theory.
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English Civil War. Cavaliers, supporters of Charles I, against Roundheads, parliamentary forces.
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End of the Thirty Years' War. German population about half of what it was in 1618 because of war and pestilence.
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Cromwell dies; son Richard resigns and Puritan government collapses.
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English Parliament calls for the restoration of the monarchy; invites Charles II to return from France.
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Charles II is crowned King of England. Louis XIV begins personal rule as an absolute monarch; starts to build Versailles.
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British take New Amsterdam from the Dutch. English limit “Nonconformity” with reestablished Anglican Church. Isaac Newton's experiments with gravity.
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Milton's Paradise Lost, widely considered the greatest epic poem in English.
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War of European powers against the Turks (to 1699). Vienna withstands three-month Turkish siege; the high point of Turkish advance in Europe.
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