-
Crete
Wealth, magnificence palaces
Peaceful
Invaded & overpowered by the Mycenaeans -
Borrowed heavily from Minoan culture.
Traders & warriors
Internally divided & contentious.
Discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1870s. -
Rise of Hellenic Civilization
Migrations/ invasions
-Dorians = Peloponnesus
-Ionians = Attica, & later Asia Minor
Eventually trade & urban life revived.
Writing using borrowed Phoenician alphabet. -
Person
Contemporary of Solon
Sought to understand the order of nature.
Believed water was the basis element.
Omitted the gods from his account of origins of nature.
Sought natural explanations only.
First recorded prediction of a solar eclipse. -
Person
Rejected Thales' ideas about centrality of water.
"Boundless" was the source off all things.
Explained the creation of the world & all things in it by natural means & without relying on gods or creation myths. -
Person
Promoted culture & architecture
considered a tyrant
(tyrants were often aristocrats, but posed as champion of the poor) -
Person
Established school on the island of Lesbos.
Lyric poetry -
Person
Nature of things is to be found in Mathematical Relationships.
Musical scale represented in math.
Religious mystics who believed in transmigration of souls.
-Therefore refused to eat meat because it contained former human souls. -
Person
Primary substance was air.
-Rarefied air become fire.
-Condensed air became Clouds & Wind.
-Further condensation produced Water, Earth, & Stones. -
Person
Believed in Divine Justice which couldn't be violated with impurity.
Hubris inevitably leads to punishment.
Through suffering comes knowledge.
Believed to have written 70-90 plays, only 7 survived today -
Person
Lyric Poetry
Extolled the pursuit of excellence. -
Person
Founder of formal logic.
Universe is unchanging, unknowable by the sense, but apprehended by the mind only.
-Foundation of metaphysics.
Viewed universe as: One, Transcendent, Permanent, & Perfect.
-Influential on later Christian views of God. -
Ionian Greeks of Asia Minor rebel against Persians.
Athhenians (Ionians) sent assistance. -
Person
Dramatic characterization, violent passion & tender emotion.
Immoderate behavior results in negative consequences.
Believed to have written about 123 plays, only 7 survive today. -
Person
He was a influential Greek statesman, orator, & general of Athens. -
Darius I invaded Attica.
Greeks defeat Persians at Marathon. -
Person
Critical anaalysis of war, women human suffering, weakness.
Portrayed inner struggle of souls in torment.
Portrayed war as cruel & barbaric, not noble & heroic.
Believed to have written about 90-95 play, 18 survive today. -
Person
Present is shaped by the past.
Persian War
Contrast of Eastern despotism with Greek freedom.
Punishment of hubris
He sought to make history more than mere stories. -
Xerxes invades with 250,000 men & 500 ships
Many Greek city-states unite in a rare display of unity & cooperation to oppose the Persian invasion.
Delian League -
Battle of Plataea
Significant land victory for Greeks. -
Person
He emphasized importance of knowledge of individuals & society-self-knowledge.
He didn't merely attack old ideas but sought to offer solutions in their place.
sought the improvement (perfection) of the individual character, the achievement of of moral excellence.
Subject all human beliefs to reason.
Remove tradition,authority, myth, superstition.
Tireless & endless introspection.
Wrong thinking results in wrongdoing.
Dialectics
Condemned to death.
-Corrupting the youth of Athens. -
Person
Critical analysis applied to political history.
Strove for factual accuracy.
Peloponnesian War
Sought to discover larger principles behind the details of human events.
Rejected myths & legends. -
Person
Empty space.
Infinite number of atoms.
Mechanical universe consisting of atoms. -
Person
Comic plays ridiculed statesmen, intellectuals, government.
Critical of decay of Athenian morality & traditional values.
Corruption & waste angered him.
Wrote 40 plays, 11 survived today. -
Delian League (Athens) VS Peloponnesian League (Sparta)
Peloponnesian League invaded Attica
-Inflicted damage but not decisively so
-Plague kills 33% of Athenians, including Pericles
-Truce in 421 bce
Athenians attempt to colonize Sicily -
Person
Disciple of Socrates.
Theory of Ideas.
Theory of Just State.
The Republic
Influenced by Peloponnesian War.
Sought permanent truth & moral certainty. -
Oligarchs gain control
-The Four Hundred
-Restrict citizenship to 4,000 men
-Challenged & briefly overpowered by forces loyal to the democrats. -
Sparta resumes fight against Athens & defeats the city.
-Delian League is Dissolved.
-Athenian walls are reduced.
-Athenian navy is reduced.
End of Athenian hegemony.
Shatters the spirit of Hellenic society. -
Civilization
Weakened Athens no longer led the Greeks.
Spartan hegemony
-Heavy-handed
-Culturally sterile
-Provincial
Fighting among the city-states & within the city-states (civil wars) -
Civilization
There were no more independent Greek city-states except for Sparta.
As the city-states destroyed themselves, Phillip II of Macedonia began to organize his troops.
Gradual extension of Macedonian power until all were under the rule of Phillip II. -
Person
Pupil at Plato's Academy
Tutor of Alexander the Great
Founded the Lyceum
Organized & systematized the thought & work of the Pre-Socratic's, Socrates, & Plato.
Addressed: Ethics, Physics, Logic, Astronomy, Zoology, Botany, Rhetoric,Poetry, Anatomy, & Metaphysics.
Ethical Thought & Political Thought
