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Sources include: FRIEND, MARILYN P., "Special education: contemporary perspectives for school professionals", 5th ed., Pearson, 2018, pp. 6-7. MOCK, DEVERY R., et al. "Special Education." Encyclopedia of Education, edited by James W. Guthrie, 2nd ed., vol. 6, Macmillan Reference USA, 2002, pp. 2278-2295. World History in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3403200572/UHIC?u=oldt1017&xid=ae3ce8ec. Accessed 13 Jan. 2018. Images from public domain and stock photos.
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Braidwood's Academy for the Deaf and Dumb was started in 1760 in Scotland when Thomas Braidwood, a math school owner, was asked to educate a deaf child. Content: https://www.disability.co.uk/sites/default/files/resources/B.pdf
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French physician Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard is hired to work with a deaf and mute 12-year-old child found living like an animal. [Friend, 2018]
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The Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons (later named the American School for the Deaf) was opened in Hartford, Connecticut with Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet as its first principal. Content: https://connecticuthistory.org/gallaudets-vision-advances-deaf-education/ Photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-CT(1891)_p125_HARTFORD,_DEAF_AND_DUMB_ASYLUM.jpg (Public Domain)
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The New England Asylum for the Blind (a.k.a. the Perkins Institution / School for the Blind) was opened in 1832 and Samuel Howe served as its first director. The school is famous for educating Laura Bridgman, a deafblind child. Anne Sullivan, a Perkins graduate, taught another famous Perkins student, Helen Keller. Content: http://www.perkins.org/history/legacy/school-development Photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perkins_new_logo_color_-_Perkins_School_for_the_Blind.png (CC3.0)
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The Braille Code, a manner of printing raised dots to be read by fingers enabling the blind to read, was published in 1834 from the work of Louis Braille. Content: http://brailleplus.net/articles-and-publications/a-short-history-of-braille/ Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22Braille%22_in_Braille.png (Public Domain)
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The Massachusetts School for Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Youth was founded by Dr. Samuel Howe to educate children with intellectual disabilities in Boston in 1848. Content: https://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/four/4b/5.html It is very notable the changes in language used to describe individuals with disabilities over time.
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The American Printing House for the Blind (APH) was founded in 1858 in Louisville, Kentucky. It provides educational, workplace, and other materials for visually impaired people. Content: http://www.aph.org/about/story/
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The National Deaf Mute College, later renamed Gallaudet Univerisy, is founded in 1864. Content: Friend, 2018 Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallaudet_univ_logo.png (Public Domain)
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Edouard Seguin believed children with disabilities could become productive members of society. He developed a structured learning environment to train blind, intellectually disabled, and emotionally disabled students. He focused on positive rewards, structure, and clear instruction. Content: Friend, 2018 Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edouard_Seguin.jpg (Public Domain)
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"The first public school special class was established in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1875." [Friend, 2018]
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The US Congress passed the Act to Promote the Education of the Blind in 1879, designating the American Printing House for the Blind as the official supplier of educational materials for the blind. Content: http://www.aph.org/about/story/
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The term special education was introduced by Alexander Graham Bell. Columbia University begins formal training of teachers for the blind. Content: Friend, 2018
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Training is started at the college level for teachers of students with intellectual disabilities. Content: Friend, 2018
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"Alfred Simon and Theodore Simon publish their intelligence test, the basis for modern IQ testing." Content: Friend, 2018 Images: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Binet.jpg (Public Domain) and https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_Simon_ACERVO_CDPHA.jpg (Public Domain)
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The term autism is used to describe a set of patients that were socially withdrawn. Content: https://www.parents.com/health/autism/the-history-of-autism/
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Segregated classes are created for students with disabilities in public schools. The term emotional disturbance starts being used. Content: Friend, 2018
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The terms gifted and mentally retarded start being used. Content: Friend, 2018
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The International Council for the Education of Exceptional Children was formed on August 10, 1922. The Council was formed by educators that attended training at Teachers College at Columbia University. Elizabeth Farrell was the Founder and served as the first President. In 1958 it was renamed to The Council for Exceptional Children. Content: https://www.cec.sped.org/About-Us/CEC-Milestones
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The peer-reviewed journal Exceptional Children was first published in 1934. It focuses on education of children that are gifted or have disabilities. It is part of the Council for Exceptional Children. Content: https://www.questia.com/library/p367/exceptional-children
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Dr. Leo Kanner described highly intelligent children with specific social development differences, later called early infantile autism. Content: Friend, 2018 and https://www.parents.com/health/autism/the-history-of-autism/ Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leo-Kanner.jpeg (Public Domain)
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Dr. Asperger details "milder autism" characteristics in children that became known as Asperger's Syndrome. Content: Friend, 2018 and https://www.parents.com/health/autism/the-history-of-autism/
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Willowbrook State School in NY opened in 1947 for children with mental and physical disabilities. Full capacity of 4,000 was reached in 1955 and was overcrowded to 6,200 by 1969. Details of vast amounts of physical, sexual, and medical abuse over the years are abhorrent. Content: https://timeline.com/willowbrook-the-institution-that-shocked-a-nation-into-changing-its-laws-c847acb44e0d Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Willowbrook_State_School_(NYPL_b15279351-105038).tiff (PD)
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The National Association for Retarded Citizens, now ARC/USA, was organized in 1950 as a parent advocacy group for individuals with disabilities. Content: http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=1a2e4cb5196431024dab0b870125ad9a&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3403200572&userGroupName=oldt1017&jsid=cda4e4f5694bb72688741c6ea52911e0
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The Institute for Research on Exceptional Children was established at the University of Illinois in 1952. The Institute was established to develop "research on physically and mentally handicapped children; the study of coordinating public welfare services, the study of gifted children and offering advanced programs of study." Content: https://archives.library.illinois.edu/archon/?p=creators/creator&id=174
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The US Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education ruled that "separate but equal" was not equal and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The case specifically dealt with racial minorities, but had implications for other groups as well, such as students with disabilities. Content: https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483 Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Judgment,_Brown_v._Board_of_Education,_05311955.gif (Public Domain)
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The Association for Children with Learning Disabilities was organized in 1963 as a parent advocacy group for children with disabilities. Content: http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=1a2e4cb5196431024dab0b870125ad9a&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3403200572&userGroupName=oldt1017&jsid=cda4e4f5694bb72688741c6ea52911e0
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The term learning disabilities was introduced by Samuel Kirk. Content: Friend, 2018
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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was passed by Congress in 1965 and amended in 1968 with Title VII (changed from Title VI) to include provisions for special education. It included dissemination of special education material, recruitment of personnel, services for deaf and blind children, and other programs. Content: http://www.avoiceonline.org/edpol/timeline.html
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Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 mandates free appropriate public education by way of prohibiting institutions that receive federal funding from discriminating based on disability. Content: https://www.dol.gov/oasam/regs/statutes/sec504.htm
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The Education For All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) and the Protection and Advocacy System of the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act were both passed by the US Congress in 1975. Both were influenced by lessons learned from the failure of Willowbrook. Content: https://timeline.com/willowbrook-the-institution-that-shocked-a-nation-into-changing-its-laws-c847acb44e0d
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"Research on twins finds that autism is largely caused by genetics and biological differences in brain development." Content: https://www.parents.com/health/autism/the-history-of-autism/
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The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) is amended and renamed to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990. The law details provisions requiring appropriate education for students with disabilities, sets expectations of employment and independent living training, provides rights under the law and more. The Americans with Disabilities Act is also created. Content: https://www.washington.edu/doit/what-individuals-disabilities-education-act
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IDEA is amended relating to the role of general education teachers, discipline, and transition services. Content: Friend, 2018
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The No Child Left Behind Act was passed by Congress in 2003. It requires all students be taught by highly qualified educators, including special education students. This resulted in more inclusion instruction and less self-contained classes. Content: Field, 2018 Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nochild.jpg (Public Domain)
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IDEA was reauthorized in 2004 through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act. It increased standards for teaching students with disabilities, defined highly qualified for special education teachers, and addressed parent involvement and discipline. It mandated changes to how IEPs are handled. Content: Friend, 2018
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Rosa's Law was signed, changing federal terminology to use intellectual disability instead of mental retardation. Content: Friend, 2018
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The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was enacted in 2015 as a revision of the No Child Left Behind Act. The focus was on preparing all students for moving on to career or college, including underserved students. It requires that all students be educated at a high standard to prepare them for college or career. Content: https://www.ed.gov/essa?src=rn
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