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First institutions in the US were established for people with deafness. The Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons was managed by Thomas Gallaudet. James Madison was President of the US at this time.
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Greece declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
From the 15th to 19th century, the "Secret School" was the only form of education. -
Agricultural production dominated the Greek
economy during the period after the war and resulted in the first welfare measures for people with sensory and physical disabilities. -
Massachusetts legislature allocates $6,000 for the Asylum for the Blind. Andrew Jackson was the US President at this time.
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First institution in the US, Perkins School for the Blind established in MA by Samuel Howe. Although he did good work with education for the blind people, he was a proponent of phrenology. Andrew Jackson was President of the US at this time.
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The first institutions for people with "neurological illnesses" were established in the period of 1840-1860. Children with severe mental retardation were segregated in that institutions. -
In 1843, Dix submitted her "Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts" letter. She detailed the horrors of asylums and pleaded for laws to change the management and funding of these institutions. She wrote "In this legislation, as in all things, may you exercise that "wisdom which is the breath of the power of God," signifying the depth of the Christian religious influence.
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MA School for Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Youth managed by Dr, Samuel Howe. He believed that mental retardation could be addressed with treatment. Again, Christianity was used to bolster the support of these schools. Zachary Taylor was President at that time.
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In 1852 Massachusetts was the first to mandate education for primary grades. Mississippi was the last state to do this in 1917.
Some suggest this was done in response to immigration and the influence of Catholic schools. -
Population density in cities increased due to immigration and economic modernization. Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and Phrenology put down roots in America, and linked crime to intellectual disabilities and mental health challenges. -
This time was the height of the Eugenic movement. Beginning with the work of the English statistician Francis Galton ,the word is Greek and means "well born" and quickly spread throughout the world.
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Several states denied public education to children with special needs. For example, Watson V City,Cambridge, MA (1893), students could be expelled for disorderly conflict or imbecility. Beattie V Board of Education, the WI Supreme Court(1919) argued teaching these children would negatively affect the other children and strain the teachers. Educating the Beattie child, who had Cerebral Palsy would have a "displeasing and nauseating effect" on children and teachers. Cleveland was pres.
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"The term "abnormal" referred to a broad diversity of pathological cases such as children who were mentally poor,
imbecile, neurotic, epileptic, deaf, those who were undisciplined or morally disturbed, and those who had speech disorders or bad habits. -
The first institution in Greece established to protect the blind was the "Home of the Blind" in Kallithea, founded in 1906. In 1980 it was converted into a public government body and renamed CERB (Center for Education and Rehabilitation for the Blind). -
In 1907, Indiana passed the first eugenics-based compulsory sterilization law in the world. Thirty U.S. states would soon follow their lead. Buck v.Bell: In 1927 the US Supreme Court found against Carrie Buck, arguing she should be sterilized based on her family history, feeble-mindedness, and promiscuity. In 1981 Oregon performed the last legal forced sterilization in U.S. history. Theodore Roosevelt was President.
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In 1907, the "Home of the Deaf-Mute" was founded by Spiliopoulos and his wife but remained dormant until 1923. It opened with the help of the American organization "Near East Relief" and it was the first school for 10 deaf-mute children from 7 to 15 years of age, refugees from Asia Minor. -
Goddard argued criminal behavior, mental illness and some diseases are genetically determined and should be addressed by segregation and sterilization. He "proved" his theory by publishing the Kallikak family tree. Woodrow Wilson was in the White House at this time.
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In 1913, an education bill made reference to the need for the establishment of special schools ‘for the blind, deaf-mute, stupid, and morally degenerate children. However, this law did not get approved by that time. No further attempts were made until 1937 -
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In 1920 the term "Mental Retardation" is officially used by the psychological and medical professions .Warren Harding was President at this time.
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In 1922, the Council for Exceptional Children is founded. Warren G. Harding was in the White House at that time.
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In 1929, two private schools were established in big cities as "test beds" that served "dysfunctional children" in a segregated environment where they could not "contaminate" the healthy children. -
The Greek state was too weak to bear the cost of special education, the Orthodox Church had a funding role in educating blind and deaf children. -
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Detroit Public Schools were the first to open classes for students with epilepsy. Franklin Roosevelt was President at that time.
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In 1937, the first public school for students with disabilities (especially those with intellectual disabilities and mental disorders) established by Roza Imvrioti. A few months later, the school was officially renamed "Model Special School of Athens". The school was attended by 94 students during the school year 1938-1939. It was the first public special education school. The school was forced to close down when Greece was invaded by Italy in 1940. -
At the same time, another institution was established in Athens again with the help of the "Near East Relief". The scope of this institute was to provide care for “handicapped children” from infancy up until their 16th year of age. -
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The Industrial Rehabilitation Act of 1920 is amended to create the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation to serve those with mental and physical disabilities. Franklin Roosevelt was President at that time.
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The Supreme Court struck down the separate but equal legislation, paving the way for students with special needs to be included in public schools. Dwight Eisenhower was President of the US at that time.
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President Eisenhower signed Public Law 85-926 which provided grants to train special education workers. In 1963 President Kennedy signed PL 88-164, which broadened the terms to include most students with severe disabilities.
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This center was founded in Athens by the “Parent
Association of Dysfunctional Children” and worked to achieve the integration of children with disabilities into the mainstream and to avoid the segregation that was the norm in the past. -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 provided a plan for addressing inequalities in educational opportunities for underprivileged children.Later amendments of this act gave grants to local schools to educate students with disabilities so to avoid institutions.
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The increasing number of children with special educational needs forced the Dictatorship of the Colonels to implement some measures of the educational committee. In 1969, the Ministry of Education formed the “Special Education Bureau” which mandated one Special Education course in all higher education institutes (1970) and offer postgraduate classes on SPED (1971). -
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This is the first Law mandating teachers to have postgraduate studies in Special Education. -
Signed by President Ford, PL 94-142 required public schools to provide appropriate educational services for all children with disabilities between ages 3 and 21, enacted due process rights, and mandated IEP's and LRE.
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In 1981, the Greek Parliament voted the first Law of Special Education. Important changes in the Greek Special Education system include a) definition of "disabled individuals", b) SPED categories, c) special education services in preschool, elementary, secondary, and vocational levels in public and private schools, and d) mandatory education for students ages 6 to 17.
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President Ronald Reagan signed the Education of the Handicapped Act Amendment which established services for school to work transition based on research; established parent training and funding for early intervention and early childhood education.
In 1990 it was amended to include assistive tech devices for ASD and TBI -
This law was passed to address the need for reform in elementary and secondary education. This law prohibits the marginalization of special education as a separate system and mentions the concept of integration/inclusion for students with disabilities.
For the first time, this law introduced the internationally accepted term “children with special educational needs” instead of the “abnormal,” “retarded,” terms etc. -
Reauthorized and expanded transition services, defined assistive technology devices and services, and added Autism and Traumatic Brain Injury as disabilities that qualify for services. Amended in 1997 to include access to general education curriculum. George H.W. Bush signed this legislation into law.
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This Law refers to regulations regarding the education of individuals with disabilities. Disabilities are defined more clearly, including all the categories of disabilities we see under IDEA. Also, according to this law, the education of individuals with disabilities can take place in the general education classroom with the appropriate support of a special education teacher. Finally, it set up 54 Diagnosis Evaluation and Support Centers (KDAY in Greek). -
With the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Congress reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; Unlike previous versions of ESEA, NCLB held schools accountable for how kids learn and achieve. It did this through annual testing, reporting, improvement targets, and penalties for schools. These changes made NCLB controversial, but they also forced schools to focus on disadvantaged kids.
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In 2002, supplemental regulations to Education Act 2000 were passed stating that students with disabilities "not too severe" can attend the general education classrooms. The law defines a "too severe" student as a student with a disability who cannot learn with the assistance of a special education teacher. Also, a student with a mild disability will receive the services in the general education classroom if there is no other special school in the area for the child to attend. -
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA 2004) is a United States law that mandates equity, accountability and excellence in education for children with disabilities. Signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 3, 2004.
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Special Education becomes compulsory and functions as part of the public and free education system. The state is obliged to provide special education in preschool, elementary, and secondary levels in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). Also, assessment, diagnosis, and systematic education with individualized educational programs (IEPs) are provided. -
Although ESSA retained the annual standardized testing requirements from NCLB, the law moved the federal accountability aspect to the states. States, in turn, still submit an accountability plan to the Education Department. It set high standards for all students and supports innovations such evidence-based practices and strategies. President Obama signed this Act into law.
