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The American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut, was the first permanent school for students with disabilities in the U.S. Founded by Thomas Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc, it marked a significant milestone in education access for deaf students. This school opened the door for more specialized education across the country.
American School for the Deaf -
President Abraham Lincoln signed the charter establishing Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. as the first institution of higher education for the deaf. This was a pivotal step in creating inclusive opportunities for higher education.
Gallaudet University -
Although not directly about special education, the Supreme Court’s decision upholding “separate but equal” set a precedent for segregation in education. This case influenced early segregation of students with disabilities, who were often excluded from mainstream classrooms. -
This landmark Supreme Court decision declared racial segregation in schools unconstitutional. It laid the foundation for inclusion, later being cited in cases advocating for the rights of students with disabilities to be educated in the least restrictive environment.
Brown v. Board of Education -
The Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens sued the state for denying children with intellectual disabilities access to public education. The court ruled in favor of inclusion, ensuring students with disabilities the right to a free public education. This case directly supported mainstreaming. -
This case required that public schools in Washington, D.C., provide free and suitable education to students with disabilities. It emphasized due process rights and supported the concept of inclusive classrooms, influencing later federal legislation. -
This was the first federal civil rights law protecting individuals with disabilities. It prohibited discrimination in programs receiving federal funding, including schools. This laid the groundwork for accessibility and inclusive education practices.
Section 504 FAQ -
This landmark law (Education for All Handicapped Children Act) guaranteed a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment for children with disabilities. It introduced Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) and became the foundation for modern special education. -
The ADA extended civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including schools. It emphasized accessibility, equal opportunity, and inclusion in community and educational settings.
ADA National Network -
This reauthorization of Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) strengthened the rights of students with disabilities to be included in general education settings. It promoted early intervention, transition services, and accountability for schools. IDEA is the primary federal law guiding special education today.
IDEA History and Summary