-
sierra leone 1808
initial acq of trty 1808
protectorarte establ 1896 -
gold coast 1867
intil acq of trtry 1867
ashantiland incorp into gold coat 1902
had 4 ashanti wars- avoided colonisation for 80yrs -
expansion in franchise
music halls and advertisemnets where 'imprlsm' was sold
1867 and 1884 -
Period: to
brit exports to emp increase
21.2% in 1871-75 to about 37.2% in 1913 -
la caisse de la dette
eu bond hoders, aus, fr, gbr, russia all control egyp finances and so get a say in the administrng of egy
they could stop brit generals on spnd money on things they didnt think worth it.
establ in 1876 not in prctc from 1904 -
transvaal
had from 1877 to dec 1880
then incrprt to sth afr 1902 -
egyp national party
1881 formed
revived in 1893 as an underground mvmnt
lawyers and proffsnl educated in eu
sought end of brit occup -
bal tilak editor of kesari
was a lawyr, set up kesari newspaper
arrstd 3 timmes for sedition
head of swadeshi campaign
part of LAL-BAL-PAL
'father of undrest' by lond times
skl for inds teach of nationalism and ind pride
joined NIC-natonl cong 1890 -
egyp and sudan 1882
1899, sudan = condominium of brit and egyp
egyp protectorate establ 1914 -
evelyn baring
made grenville doctrine, allowed to dismiss any egypt who was not conforming to brit rule
was consul general
personal incharge of econ
dismbrd army- couldn't be trusted follwoing uprise against khedive- new army mirroring that of east ind comp
new khedive, tewfiq in 1892, abas hilmi II, wanted rid brit rule- sprt nationnalist mvmnts, bullied by baring
try end muslm slave trade and subjugation of women
but at home he and curzon made league opposing women suffrage.
resignd following denshai incd -
sthrn nigeria 1884
rnc convrtd to brit colony 1906
nigeria united 1914 -
brit wheat imprts 1884
64 mill hundred weight wheat imprts
30.7 mill fromm USA, 17.3 russia and 3.6 from canada -
nrth nigeria 1885
rnc rule convrtd to brit colon 1900, united with ngr 1914
agrmnt with fr, fr recogn brit clai if brit recong fr madagascar -
joseph chamberlain
vrey influenctial in changing peoples attitudes towqrd empire
rjcts being chanclr of exchequer and home secr, inorder to be secrtry of state of colonies
nickname joseph africanus
vry pro immprlsm
tried strngth imprl bonds with colonial council fell through in 1887, 1897 and 1902.
tried get imperial pref -rjcts 1905 and tarrif reform league.
responsible for annex of ashanti land, gold coast, territories of niger and getting sa under brits
responsbl for uganda railway -
brit egy
in 1885 100 brits in gov by 1906 over 1000
made cuts to army, invst in sanitation prgrms and health services
cotton exprts trebbled, pop increase 7mill to 10 mill
egyp prosperity
elementary schooling- more- rise in nationalism
middle class newspaper resistance- wrote brit to blame unemplymnt- army cuts, failure promote egyp cotton indstry would have provd ppl wth jbs -
uganda
fr and brit missionaries permeate buganda and area near it, this causes anger, trying to convert our kids to christianity.
mwanga king 1886 tried to assert some domin by killing 20 catholics- lead civil war in which he fled
1890 deal with lord lugard- power to come back if pwr sovereignty to east afr comp -
uganda 1888
BEAC replaced frml protect 1894 -
brit east afr 1888
BEAC rule replaced by formal protectr 1895
mdrn day kenya and uganda -
cecil rhodes
righ and duty of anglo-saxons domin africa
helpd in jameson raid
money, politic inflnc hlpd spread message of brit superiority esp in domination of SA newspapers
cape to cairo mission- messd by germ east afr 1891
money hlpd alfred milner make round table in 1910
vry darwanist- brit empr betteer world -
zanzibar
sultan hamad bin thuwanini- died , posion rumours
hisn cousin khalid took throne, brits displeased, asked to step down, doesn't
38 min 'shortest war', 500 zanzibari defenders and civilians killed from fire caused by bombardement
pro brit sultran hamud placed on throne for 6yrs -
general assumption that emp made brit wealthy
was not true, emp vry costly and most of brit trade done with countries outside the emp -
religoius kids mvmnts
non-conformist boy's life brigade
and anglican church lads brigade -
zanzibar 1890
1890 formal protc frmd albeit flwng rule of sultan of oman -
Period: to
golden age of newspaper
sold imperialsm
2nd anglo-boer war sold over 1mill copies a day
told of heroism of brits against boers -
Period: to
kids books . imprls spreading
rise in literacy rates and education meant easy to indoctrinate youth
boys and girls own paper- tales of empire
had 1/4 mill readership between 1890-1914 -
nyasaland 1891
BSAC rule replaced by formal protec 1907
opened up by livingstone and scottish missionaries
guerilla warfare and resistn by portuguese bckd arabs -
matebeleland 1893
incorprtd to thodesia 1895 -
ndebel vs brits
in south zambesia war
king longebula, butswayo-capital
influx of eu bcuz discov gold
80,000 warrior stood little chance against brit maxim guns BSAC troops
war 1893-4 -
rhodesia 1895
sthrn rhodesia protectr establ 1901 and nrthr in 1911
under BSAC administ -
kenya against brit
brits wanted since berlin conf, used a succession debate to get inflnc
sheikh mbaruk bin rashid took up arms, weapons from ger took 4 mths to quell rebell
but brit eventual infl of area -
2nd ndebele war 'chirumenga'
spiritual uprising against colonist- unsuccesful
chimurenga -
jameson raid
jameson and 500 mount police backed by rhodes and chamberlain- indirectly
want to get control of region and undermine krugers gov
surrendrd aftr 4 days, jameson and 12 others sentcd to prison by gov, rhodes forced resign -
ugandan railway massacres
tsavo incident where 30-100 wrks attckd and killed by 2 lions
kedon massacre- 500 wrks killed by masai warriors -
uganadan railway
initiated by chamberlain
from mambosa to connect lake victoria to temperate highlands.
railway 660 miles, 5yrs to build killed 2500 wrks in process 'lunatic lines'
reason - stop arab slave trade, promot brit tourism, protect rvr nile, tea and coffee exprt -
sudan 1896
pm salisbury- sends kitchener chief of egyp army, to penetrate sudanese land as far as dongola
went frthr to conquer khartoum, used weapons, maxim guns and modern rifles and artillery -
zanzibar restnc?
pro brit sultan hamoud died, new khalid bin bargash resume role, lead 3000 men, bmbg from nearby brit ships- he fled -
edward elgar
famous imperialist composer, nationalist propaganda in chruches, music halls , pageants
wrote imperial march for queen victoria's diamond jubilee
wrote caractus imperial music in 1898 -
alfred milner
ardent imprt
round table
made milner skls in johannesburg and pretoria
took brits into 2nd anglo boer war- wanted full
made milner kindergarten- lawyers and administr tasked fix region. anglicise area, brits left
brought in coolies, chine wrks 3yr contrct
trtd bad, news press resrch, led to consrvt prty defeat 1906
evry white man feel at home in every part of emp -
queen victr diamond jubilee
showed grandeur and brit dominance, their peak in territorials and political cohesion
celebrated 60 years of accession to the throne -
fashoda incident
brit troops led by kitchener face of against french explorers 'two countries on brink of war'
both accuse the other of tresspassing. -
shivram paranjapee
made KAAL- newspaper
arrest, for sedition
18mnth imrsn, let out, kaal termntd, wrtngs confiscated -
sierra leaone- west afr
hut tax intro and chiefs to make sure subjects maintain roads, some resitance and refusal to pay, colonel cardew= scorched earth policy, got main advesery surrnd, chief bai bureh, hanged 96 chiefs -
brit victory odurman 1898
-
sudan rstnc
south sudan - refuse assimilate and pay brit taxes, brit reprisals death penalty- 33 punitive expeditions= more resistance. resistance in 1900, 1902-3, 1904 and 1908
fall of sultan happy- 50% pop dead famine and disease, economy shambles, but brit- swap one oppressor for other.
into of railways and port in 1906- country prinicpal outlet to sea
railways and telegraph line - hlpd economy -
sudan condominium
to be ruled by both brits and egyot
'gordons colleges'- teach sudanese how to be in gov -
viceroy curzon
vry knowledgeable on persia and russia
viewd russian expanison as threat, made north west frontier and launchd a military expedtn on tibet
hlpd ind with agricult and administ reform
intro test for famine relief- prvnt 1mill inds getting help in 1899-1902 famine
want weaken ind internl enemies- split bengal and make prominent diff factions based on caste or religon
split bengal 1905
backfired had to resign
1902 calcutta uni 'you need us' -
blomfontein conf
alfred milner and paul kruger
milner want full citizenship after 5yr residency, kruger 7yrs,
milner use force
led to declaration of war by kruger in 1899 oct -
boer war cost £250 mill
not as advtg as acquiring bcuz tropical afrcia only made up 1.2% of brit trade -
boer war conceentr camps
white in camps were given tents and water
bllacks to buikd own shelter, had to work for food and water, forced labour, lots died, disease 13,000 to 20,000 dead
emily hobhouse criqitue this- used photos to promote anti-war illustr -
russia near afgh
have a railway to tashkent- buffer state to ind?
300,000 russian troops there by feb 1900
brit fears, most of army in SA, boer war, only 100,000 soldiers brit ind sldrs to dfnd nrth ind
russian presence talon threat to suez canal -
mad mullah
somaliland - muhammed abdullah hassani, religous figure
fr missionaries convrt kids- damag our religon and make our kids theirs
rpom drive all chrstn to sea
had 20,000 drvsh from 1900 did raids on brit somaliland
ethipoia empr menelik and brits together fight, no success until 1920- aerial bmbs kill drvsh strongholds -
riudyard kiplinng writer
wrote poems and books which promoted brit imperialism and superiority of brit race
wrote jungle book and JB2 -
boys emp league
7000 mbs by 1900 and win £25 and a trip to anywhere in emp -
imperial cadet corps
please the higher classes, nobles- help strngth the RAJ -
seize transvaal and orange free state
in 1901, led to defeat and incorport on dutch/ boer regions into SA
'scorched earth policy' put all africans and wifes and kids into concentr camps , diminish support for gueril fghtn force.
brit bring 100,000 troop and spemd £250 mill -
victoria league
for women
not political, promote closer unionn in diff parts of emp
fundraising, hospitality, frndshp and educ -
Peace of vereenging
negotiated by milner and kruger
may 1902 -
1902 curzon calcutta uni speech
you need us, justifying brit presence in ind
and undermining inds, shwng why they cannot be given more posts in gov -
lord meath
huge advocate for emp day, 1902 1st obsrvd put into practice 1916
wanted to promote emp to youth -
education act
opened 1000 new secondary skls over the decade
raised skl standard -
national efficiency
30,000 boers could hold out against brit troops
40% of brits tested unfit for war
8,000 out of 11,000 men in mnschst turned away
new reforms needed
prevent brit decline -
brit cost boer war
shook brt conf]
supposed last 3-4 months, cost £10 mill, 75,000 trps
lasted 3 yer, £230 mill and 400,000 troops
brit efficiency. -
tarrif reform league
made by chamberlain to com at brit compet
strngth emp trade by giving pref to goods from within emp -
abhinav bharat society
young india society, home of unrest and resistance, launched attacks on brits
set up by two bros ghanesh and vinayak samodar savarkar 1903
assasinations
killed a distrct magistrate arthur jackson
and a military advicor lieutenant colonel curzon wyllie 1909 -
entente cordiale
friendly alliance with france- follwoing fashoda incident the two countries grew close
this ended the la caisse de la dette- made it just a tac collection service for bond holders, no longer making adminstrative decisions -
imprl pref
intro by joseph chamberlain
consrvs failt to back- split party in 2 and led to balfour-pm, resigning
proposed econ policy to strngthn econ ties with empire. change tarrifs to give goods within emp lower import duties than those outside emp.
protectionism, bcuz free trade not wrkn, comp with jpn and usa,
they'd all trade freely but protft one another from comp -
oppost to impr pref
bankers who had ties with non emp conutries
might reduce thier prof
ppl irratnl belief free trade still work- emotional linnk
emp was not compltly self sufficnt, might cause prblms led to doms being dissapontd
cand mde agrmnt other cntrs, fr,usa,jpn
aus,nzln,SA impsd imprt tarrifs assert own national intrst over loyalties to brit -
partition bengal
by curzon, hoped to weaken bengal and indias internal enemies, backfired and so he was asked to resign
hindu majority rented land to muslm minority, rlly angry
boycott of brit goods, protests and strikes- ind which made 20% of brit exports at time, trade not as safe as thought- volatile -
swadeshi- self sufficiency
following split of bengal in 1905, 6yr campaign- worked, bengal reunited.
boycott of brit goods - costly ind responsible for 20% brit exports -
conference of algeciras
brit and entente cordiale tested as kaiser and ger testing fr control and infl in morocco, prelude to ww1 shows alliances.
brit stood by fr -
new battleship dreadnought
new class battleship -
general eldon gorst
succeeded gordon after denshawai incident
appointd more egypts to gov- would weaken the nationalist party, more censorship of press -
denshawai incd egypt
showd inequality and brutality of brit rule.
brit soldrs pigeon hunting in denshawai, pigeons ver valuable food source for villagers, a villgrs wife shot, sparked outrage, confrontation btwn vlgrs and police
they were flogged, beaten, 4 vllgrs sentencd to death by hanging, 52 vllgrs arrestd, 26 ppl hard labour and floggng
widespread anger among egyptns -
FSM
liberal socail reforms, gave free skl meals to kids -
triple etente
russia joined the entente cordiale between fr and brit 1904
follwng devastng defeat of navy loss agnst jpn -
imperal college london
tech, med and scientific excellence -
medical inspections in skl
-
welfare charter & pensions
funded completely by gov, gave weekly allowance to ppl aged 70 and over -
boys scout movement
by robert baden-powell- a hero of the second anglo-boer war
made boys scout mvmnt to teach boys imprt of mp and military
comptv challenges chance to earn badges -
ind council act
22 inds chosen from provincial constituencies to viceroy council, aid in making laws -
elections india 1910
135 inds got seats and played a role in admistrative laws in india -
round table
by alfred milner, promote closer colonial links by making a federal system under brits
round table grps existed in SA, cand, nlznd -
bengal united
by viceroy harringdae, witht he visit of prince George V -
morocco- fr, brit invlm
20,000 fr troops sent to quell rebells in morocco.
kiaser sent navy (panther) brit send its navy and so kaiser retreats his
brit fear, ger tried to cease area near brit gibraltar- brit vs ger race to colonies -
edwin lutyens
empirial architect made johannesburg gallery in 1911
and invited to make new delhi gov instead of calcutta 1912, visited in 1914 go view progress -
girls guide
made by robert baden-powell hero of anglo-boer war -
new legislative assembly egyp 1913
replaced the advisory council and laws
composed on 66 elected mbs and 17 appointd nominees.
more for rich landowners -
emp not main source of trade- disadvg
only 24.9% of brit imports came from colonies ad 37.2% went to colonies
trade with emp remain static but other trade was grwng -
war declared behalf of ind
viceroy harringdae declares war on inds behalf
conscription in IND never introduced, but 1.3 mill inds sign up, no commplaints
aug 1914 -
canada imprt to brit
by 1914 they supplied 15% wheat flour and 10% beef -
india took 20% of brits total exports
20% worth £150mmillion -
A.J Hobson
was a critic of emp, thought that innvstms over seas kept people, the masses at home poor.
the boer war similrly just an excuse for rich traders to maintain their profits.- wrkd for mnschtr guardian
raised living standards means no excess capital
wrote prblms of povrty, evoltn of mdrn captlsm, prblms of unempld and imprlsm -
invisible tradde
british invest 2x amount as french and 3time what the germans did abroad, through railways and other infrastructure, about 40% of brit invstms were overseas because this is hwats considered safe
insbl trade grew till 1914
lots of colonial govs bought imprts bcuz cheaper and felt it was their duty. common lang and fxd exchange rates facilitated trade.
while doms and ind were self financng- throu taxation -
girls friendly society
had 200,000 mbs by 1914
ellen joyle made it, promoted collonial eigration for own good -
emp day recogn 1916
founded by lord meath 1896, not observed till 1902 and recogn by gov in 1916