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Epitaph of Seikilos

101 BCE

The oldest known piece of music, inscribed on a tombstone.

Middle Ages

Period: 476 to 1453

It is the second of the three traditional divisions of Western history: antiquity, medieval, and modern.

Gregorian Chant

900

A style of sacred vocal music of the Catholic Church, popular in the Middle Ages

Guido d'Arezzo

991

Italian monk, creator of the modern music notation system.

Hildegard von Bingen

1098

German composer and mystic, a pioneer in liturgical music.

Bernart de Ventadorn

1130

Provençal troubadour known for lyric poetry and music.

Leonin

1135

Composer associated with the Notre Dame School, a pioneer in organum.

Ars Antiqua

1150

Medieval music period characterized by the development of organum.

Perotin

1155

One of the earliest polyphonic composers from the Notre Dame School.

Alfonso X

1221

Spanish king, promoter of music and culture, author of the Cantigas.

Guillaume de Machaut

1300

French composer and poet, key figure of Ars Nova.

Francesco Landini

1325

Italian composer and master of the trecento, known for his ballads.

Renaissance

Period: 1375 to 1600

The Renaissance was a cultural movement that revived interest in classical art, science, and philosophy.

Johannes Gutenberg

1400

Inventor of the printing press, revolutionized music distribution.

Ars Nova

1400

Period that renewed rhythmic and polyphonic music in France and Italy.

Juan del Encina

1468

Spanish poet and musician, precursor of Renaissance musical drama.

Martin Luther

1483

German religious reformer, introduced choral singing in liturgy.

Cristóbal de Morales

1500

Spanish composer, among the first to bring Renaissance style to Rome.

Antonio de Cabezón

1510

Spanish composer and organist, known for keyboard music.

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

1525

Italian composer, master of Renaissance sacred music

Orlando di Lasso

1532

Franco-Flemish composer renowned for polyphonic vocal music.

Andrea Gabrieli

1533

Italian composer, pioneer of the Venetian style of music.

Maddalena Casulana

1544

Italian composer, first woman to publish her works.

Tomás Luis de Victoria

1548

Spanish composer, a master of Renaissance sacred music.

Giovanni Gabrieli

1557

Italian composer, famous for his works for brass ensembles.

Carlo Gesualdo

1566

Italian prince and composer known for expressive, dissonant music.

Claudio Monteverdi

1567

Italian composer, one of the first to develop opera.

Baroque

Period: 1580 to 1750

The Baroque was an artistic and cultural movement of the 17th century characterized by excessive ornamentation, emotional contrasts, and a pessimistic view of life, reflecting the social, religious, and political tensions of the time.

Giacomo Carissimi

1605

Italian composer, a pioneer of the Baroque oratorio.

Barbara Strozzi

1619

Italian composer, renowned for her sacred and secular vocal music.

Stradivarius (Antonio Stradivari)

1644

Italian luthier, creator of world-renowned violins.

Henry Purcell

1659

English composer, influential in English Baroque music.

George Philipp Telemann

1659

English composer, influential in English Baroque music.

Antonio Vivaldi

1678

Italian composer, famous for concertos, especially The Four Seasons.

Georg Friedrich Handel

1685

German composer, known for oratorios like The Messiah.

Johann Sebastian Bach

1685

German composer, one of the greatest figures in Baroque music.

Christoph Willibald Gluck

1714

A German composer known for his operas, particularly reforming opera by focusing on the dramatic aspect of the music. His opera Orfeo ed Euridice is one of his most famous works.

Joseph Haydn

1732

An Austrian composer often referred to as the "Father of the Symphony" and the "Father of the String Quartet." His contributions to the development of classical music were foundational, with symphonies like Surprise and The London Symphonies being iconic examples.

Nannerl Mozart

1751

Sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Nannerl was a talented musician and composer, though her career was overshadowed by her brother's fame.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1756

One of the greatest and most influential composers in Western classical music. Known for his immense body of work, including symphonies, operas, chamber music, and choral pieces. His music, such as The Magic Flute and Requiem, remains widely performed.

Maria Theresia von Paradis

1759

Austrian pianist, singer, and composer, known for her compositions and her resilience after becoming blind at an early age.

Ludwig van Beethoven

1770

A German composer and pianist whose works bridged the Classical and Romantic periods. His symphonies, particularly the 9th Symphony, were revolutionary and deeply emotional, changing the landscape of Western music forever.

Gioachino Rossini

1792

Italian composer known for his operas, including "The Barber of Seville" and "William Tell," marking a peak in Italian opera.

Franz Schubert

1797

Austrian composer who bridged the Classical and Romantic eras, known for his symphonies, chamber music, and over 600 art songs.

Hector Berlioz

1803

French composer known for his innovative orchestral works, particularly the symphonic poem "Symphonie Fantastique."

Felix Mendelssohn

1809

German composer, pianist, and conductor, known for works like "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "The Wedding March."

Robert Schumann

1810

German composer and pianist, a leading figure in Romantic music, known for his symphonic, piano, and choral works.

Frédéric Chopin

1810

Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, famous for his piano works, including nocturnes, etudes, and polonaises.

Franz Liszt

1811

Hungarian composer and pianist, one of the greatest pianists of all time, and known for his symphonic poems and virtuosic piano music.

Giuseppe Verdi

1813

Italian opera composer whose works, like "La Traviata" and "Aida," remain staples of the operatic repertoire.

Richard Wagner

1813

German composer known for his operas, particularly the "Ring Cycle," pioneering the use of leitmotifs and the integration of music and drama.

Clara Schumann

1819

German pianist and composer, one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era and wife of Robert Schumann.

Bedřich Smetana

1824

Czech composer, known for his opera "The Bartered Bride" and the symphonic cycle "Má vlast."

Johannes Brahms

1833

German composer and pianist, renowned for his symphonies, concertos, and chamber works, combining classical structure with Romantic expressiveness.

Modest Mussorgsky

1839

Russian composer, best known for his operas and piano suite "Pictures at an Exhibition."

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

1840

Russian composer, famous for ballets like "Swan Lake" and "The Nutcracker," as well as symphonies and concertos.

Antonín Dvořák

1841

Czech composer, celebrated for his symphonic and chamber music, including "New World Symphony" and "Cello Concerto

Edvard Grieg

1843

Norwegian composer known for his nationalistic style, with famous works like "Peer Gynt" and "Piano Concerto in A minor."

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

1844

Russian composer known for his vivid orchestration, including "Scheherazade" and "The Flight of the Bumblebee."

Giacomo Puccini

1858

Italian opera composer, famous for operas such as "La Bohème," "Tosca," and "Madama Butterfly."

Hugo Wolf

1860

Austrian composer best known for his art songs (Lieder), particularly those set to German-language poetry.

Gustav Mahler

1860

Austrian composer and conductor, famous for his symphonies and orchestral song cycles, with emotionally intense and large-scale works.

Claude Debussy

1862

French composer, a leading figure in Impressionism, known for works like Clair de Lune and Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune, which broke away from traditional harmonic structure

Jean Sibelius

1865

Finnish composer, recognized for his symphonies and nationalistic works, particularly "Finlandia."

Arnold Schoenberg

1874

Austrian composer, known for developing the twelve-tone technique, a method of serial composition, with famous works such as Verklärte Nacht and Pierrot Lunaire.

Maurice Ravel

1875

French composer known for his orchestral and piano works, including Boléro and Daphnis et Chloé, combining elegance with technical brilliance and exploring impressionist and neoclassical styles.

Manuel de Falla

1876

Spanish composer, known for incorporating Spanish folk traditions into his music, especially in works like El amor brujo and Nights in the Gardens of Spain.

Béla Bartók

1881

Hungarian composer and ethnomusicologist, known for integrating folk music into his compositions, with works like Concerto for Orchestra and Six String Quartets.

Zoltán Kodály

1882

Hungarian composer and ethnomusicologist, known for his contributions to music education and works such as Hary Janos Suite and Sonata for Solo Cello.

Joaquín Turina

1882

Spanish composer, often associated with the Spanish nationalist movement, known for works like La oración del torero and his Sinfonía Sevillana.

Igor Stravinsky

1882

Russian composer, one of the most influential figures of the 20th century, known for groundbreaking works like The Firebird, The Soldier's Tale, and The Rite of Spring.

Heitor Villa-Lobos

1887

Brazilian composer and conductor, known for blending Brazilian folk music with classical traditions.

George Gershwin

1898

American composer known for his incorporation of jazz with classical music, including works like "Rhapsody in Blue" and "Porgy and Bess."

Olivier Messiaen

1908

French composer and organist, known for his use of complex rhythms, bird songs, and vivid harmonies in works like Vingt Regards sur l'Enfant-Jésus and Quatuor pour la fin du temps.

Pierre Schaeffer

1910

French composer and musicologist, a key figure in the development of musique concrète, a form of experimental music using recorded sounds, with works like Études de bruits.

John Cage

1912

American avant-garde composer, famous for pioneering experimental music and works like 4'33" and Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano, challenging traditional notions of sound and silence.

Pierre Henry

1927

French composer of electronic music and a pioneer in musique concrète, known for his collaborations with Schaeffer and works such as Variations for a Door and a Sigh.

Philip Glass

1937

American composer, a leading figure in minimalism, known for his repetitive structures and works such as Einstein on the Beach, Glassworks, and his symphonies.

First Real Madrid Champions League

Jun 13, 1952

Debut de Cristiano Ronaldo

Aug 14, 2002