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Primitive humans believed disease was caused by supernatural spirits.
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Tribal doctors performed exorcisms to get rid of evil spirits. They would also perform trephining, where they would remove part of the cranium. They also utilized herbs and plants as medicines.
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Digitalis
-comes from the foxglove plant
- would be chewed
-strengthens and slows the heartbeat Quinine
-comes from bark of the cinchona tree
-controls fevers, relives muscle spasms, prevents malaria Belladonna and Atropine
-made from nightshade
-relives muscle spasms, and gastrointestinal pain Morphine
-made from opium poppy
-relives pain
-can be very addictive -
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Health Records- earliest people to keep accurate records
Physicians- Priests, Egyptians believed the gods would heal them
Healing- medicines, splinting fractures, bloodletting with leaches -
Development of Acupuncture
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Illness is caused by nature instead of spiritual
Dissection was not allowed because of religious customs
Hippocrates based his knowledge on the external anatomy and wrote the standard of ethics -
Made sewer systems to keep city’s clean and more sanitary
Physicians had separate rooms to treat packet sure and organized medical equipment to be sent to their army’s -
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Medicine was practiced in convents and monasteries. Priest and worker in the church would act as physicians which lead to treatments being based on spiritual practices like prayer.
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Prayer was the main treatment and medication consisted of herbs
This lead to millions of people being killed because of disease. -
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Epidemics like the Bubonic plague, smallpox, and syphilis killed millions
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Scientific research began and many developments were made.
This included the building of medical schools, search for new ideas, the use of dissection to study, use of the printing press, and books. -
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-studied anatomy
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-discovered the fallopian tube
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-discovered the Eustachian tube- lead from the ear to the throat
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Physiology
Described blood circulation -
Invented the microscope
Discovered bacteria -
Early form of pharmacy’s
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Discovered cold could be passed from one person to another
Discovered bifocals -
Observed operations and attended lectures. Students also dissected bodies.
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Discovered the element oxygen
Also discovered how plants refresh the air which is then used for respiration -
Discovered methods of vaccination for smallpox
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Invented the stethoscope
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Discovered how important handwashing and cleanliness is, and how it helps prevent infections.
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Founder of modern nursing
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Known as the father of microbiology
Discovered microorganisms cause decease
Created pasteurization -
Discovered viruses
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Because the first doctor to use antiseptics in surgery and used carbolic acid on wounds
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Developed asepsis which helps keep areas germ free before surgery
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Discovered many disease causing organisms
Developed the culture plate method -
Discovered the effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms
The use of chemicals to fight diseases -
Invented the x-ray in 1895 -
Nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform were used to put patients to sleep
Before anesthesia was discover patients were knocked out or choked to be put to sleep -
Discovered that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria.
This discovery helped save millions -
Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind
Determined that the mind and body work together
Psychology
Psychiatry -
Discovered sulfonamide compounds the first medicines that effectively killing bacteria
Killed deadly diseases -
Discovered that a dead polio virus would give immunity against poliomyelitis
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Used live polio virus as a vaccine
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Discovered the molecular structure of DNA
Their model explains how DNA replicates -
Performed the first successful heart transplant in 1968
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A pioneer in separating Siamese twins, performing helispherectomies, and surgeries on the brain to stop seizures
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3D printing can be used to create implants, joints, prosthetics and even skin.
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Can be used to train medical students and can help show patients how procedures will go.
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This allows Doctors to preform surgeries that are complex with more precision. A robotic arm and camera is most commonly used. -
This field seeks to replace and regenerate damaged tissues. This is done through cell therapy, tissue engineering, and gene therapy. -
This allows patients to meet with healthcare professionals online. This allows the patient to get care and answers quickly
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Randall Bateman discovered a test that detects the amyloid plaques that are found in Alzheimer’s disease.