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1st monk - went into desert to live simpler life away from temporal/worldly affairs
Helps the birth and spread of monasticism -
Frankish Pope
Part of Gregorian Reform - contained the Investiture Controversy
Who will choose bishop?
Emperor vs Pope? Underlying issue of power
Gave power and loyalty to Hengry IV in exchange for power to choose/name bishops BUT Hengry IV still had power to veto any decision of Gregory's -
1st university professor - one of early scholastics
1121 - Sic et Non (Yes and No) provided methodological outline of comparing scholarly sources -
French king - excommunicated
One of the most powerful emperors yet he was so humbled by Pope Gregory VII that he was brought to his knees
Nobles did not like that he surrendered to papacy so chose new emperor which he fought off for years
Even at its height - there cannot be a strong emperor and papacy at the same time -
Urban II ordered it to recapture Jerusalem from Muslims
Only one Crusaders won - brutallly done
Established crusader states -
Centuries of animosity between East and West/ Christians and Muslims
No lasting presence in Holy Land -
Applied comparisons to sources using Abelard's outline
1150 - Senteniae - his work turned into a huge theological textbook
Wanted to disqualify some originally trusted works and keep others -
Fall of feudalism incrased trade routes (no longer protected by their lords)
situated around water and where jobs were created
Led to overcrowding, competition, violence -
By Peter Abelard
Gave methodological outline for comparing scholarly sources -
Bishop pays homage to king as his lord - gave loyalty
stopped fighting between papacy/empire - but not a resolution
facade of power to papacy - king still technically has all the power -
Because crusader state of Edessa fell
Weak support from home/ trouble getting efforts unified
Led to the fall of Jerusalem again/ultimately the 3rd Crusade
Huge morale boost for Muslims -
First pantagenet King of England
Made legal changes to English Common Law
Plantagenet dynasty - sophistication of government - administration a lot smaller prior to plantagenists - bureaucracies develop - strengthened English Common Law -
Lost a bunch of land to France
Made barons in Britain very angry - led to creation of Magna Carta -
Leader of finally united Muslims in 3rd Crusade
1187 - Jerusalem falls to him befor 3rd Crusade
Returns holy land to Muslim power by retaking Jerusalem
Reunites Muslims (even though they fall apart later) -
King of France (not king of franks)
Unified France -
Council of the Lateran (1215) decided there could not be any new relicious groupings without authorization of the pope
Helps unify and strengthen pope's power -
4th Crusade - attacked and plundered constantinople for resources
Never reached Jerusalem
Weakened Byzantine states and survival chances
Drove East and West further apart -
Friars who believed in living just as Christ did and live with/as the poor
First time you see want/need to not live in monasteries and its confines
Provided the instinct which led to universal success (SOUTHERN) -
Friars who still lived in monasteries
Most went into schools, became professors, and practiced theology
Main concern was converting heretics to Christianity
Provided the intellect which led to universal success (SOUTHERN) -
Cathar Crusade
Inatiated by Innocent III to eradicate heresy of Cathars
Cathars had a good and an evil god - both equal and indestructable
Destroyed Cathar Christianity - cleaned out significant portions of France -
Innocent III
Decided there could not be any new relicious groupings without authorization of the pope
Helps unify and strengthen pope's power -
German emperor AKA antichrist; huge thorn in papacy's side
5th and 6th crusades
kept germany and italy from uniting -
Combines reason and faith
Dominican Dr. of the Church
More detail than Lombard in comparing and disqualifying theological sources
Gave proposition, answer, response -
Roman Pope
Papal Bull - unam sanctum
Last attempt at papal supremacy but discredited it
Diminished papal power extremely (already diminishing) -
Fictional journey through hell/purgatory/heaven
("Divina" added to title by Bocaccio later)
Contributed to renaissance
Founder of Italian language - change from fancy Latin
Crystalizes/standardizes Italian language -
Pope and antipope lived here during this time
Connects to Schism (having multiple popes at once) -
Killed 1/3 of Europe's population
Fleas and rats
Eliminated overcrowding - survivors had economic flourishing -
2 popes elected
Confusion leads to electing a 3rd pope
Council of Constance (1417) - Eventually 2 step down (one didn't, but they ignored him and he eventually gave up)
weakened papacy due to lack of unification -
During The Great Schism
2 popes step down and the 3rd pope is recognized as the actual one -
Wrong Henry IV?
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Based of St Benedict
move to simpler way of life and monastatic reform
set precedent for years to come of how the Western Church operates -
William I commissions the Cluny Abbey
Called for their abbots and monks to answer to the pope
First time monasteries were set up to answer to the pope alone
Another move away from worldly affairs and back toward simplistic, spiritual life -
Not holy, roman, or empire