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Conflict between ORthodox and Roman Catholics effects later events.
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Islamic forces crush the Byzantine Army & imprisons the emperor.
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The new emperor writes and appeal for help & sends it to the Pope.
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Pope Urban II speaks to the Council of Clermont and calls for a crusade to free the Holy Land.
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The People's Crusade sets out from Europe.
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First Crusade leaders were departing Europe
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Armed forces gathered at Constantinople to embark on the First Crusade.
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Emperor Alexius of Constantinople ships the People's Crusade over the Bosporus
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The Peoples Crusade were annihilated by the Turks in Anatolia
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Siege of Nicacea
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Battle of Dorylaeum
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The Siege of Antioch
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The Siege of Antioch
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The soldiers of the First Crusade successfully scale the walls of Jerusalem and take the Holy city
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Crusaders prepared to attack Damascus. 2nd crusade led by Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III and by King Louis VII of France
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Although the Second Crusade ended in the defeat of Crusader forces at Damascus in 1148, it did have a notable success, this being the capture of Lisbon from Muslim forces by English Crusaders in 1147. The Second Crusade also saw the beginning of campaigns into The Baltic States and Northeastern Europe to conquer and convert pagans.
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3rd Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I. Richard I made a truce with Saladin
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3rd Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I. Richard I made a truce with Saladin. Although Christian forces won several victories, the Third Crusade failed to capture Jerusalem. The city remained in Muslim hands, however, Saladin struck and agreement with Richard I allowing Christians to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem. The Third Crusade ended in 1192.
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4th Crusade led by Fulk of Neuil French/Flemish advanced on Constantinople
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Called by Pope Innocent III in 1202 to re-capture Jerusalem from the Muslims via an assault on Egypt, the Fourth Crusade instead turned into an attack on Constantinople, the seat of the Byzantine Empire, and a Christian kingdom. The defenses of Constantinople overcome in 1204, the Crusader army mercilessly sacked the city for three days. The destruction of Constantinople and slaughter of its citizens is considered one of the greatest atrocities of the Medieval period. The Fourth Crusade never
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The Children's Crusade led by a French peasant boy, Stephen of Cloyes
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The 5th Crusade led by King Andrew II of Hungary, Duke Leopold VI of Austria, John of Brienne
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This Crusade also did not meet its stated goal. The Crusader army got bogged down in a long siege of Damietta in Egypt. Damietta was eventually captured, but no further campaign was undertaken afterward.
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The 6th Crusade led by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II
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Ironically, Frederick also succeeded despite being excommunicated by Honorius II due to a political conflict between the two men. Frederick's success was based on taking advantage of conflicts between local Muslim rulers. This led him to seal a truce with the Egyptian Sultan al-Kamil in 1229. This truce included handing control of Jerusalem to the Crusaders in return for their support against al-Kamil's enemies. Following the end of the truce in 1239, Jerusalem once again fell into Islamic h
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The 7th Crusade led by Louis IX of Franc
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The Seventh Crusade is notable for being the first in which the Mongols played a role as a third power to be contended with in the Middle East. Both the Crusaders and Muslim sultans would attempt to ally themselves with the Mongols against one another. The result would be the rise of Mongol influence at the expense of both.
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The 8th Crusade led by Louis IX. Louis set out from Sicily in summer 1270, headed to Tunis in North Africa, where he hoped to establish a base for operations against Egypt. Landing in Tunis in the heat of the summer, Louis and his men quickly began suffering from lack of drinking water and from disease. Louis himself succumbed to dysentery in October 1270, resulting in the end of the crusade.
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The 9th Crusade led by Prince Edward (later Edward I of England)
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Edward arrived in time to see successive Christian defeats at the hands of the Turks in Antioch and Tripoli. Facing insurmountable odds, Edward returned home to England in 1271. Acre fell to Islam twenty years later in 1291, removing the final Crusader stronghold in the region.
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Jerusalem falls to the Muslims. The Holy Land is now under Islamic control.