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The Development Through Life Perspective Ch. 1
This chapter covers the psychosocial approach (interaction between biological, psychological and societal systems) and life span -
Photo Ch. 1
"Erik Erikson wrote that human life as the individual experiences it is produced by the interaction and modification of three major systems: biological system, the psychological system and the societal system." -
Challenges/Resolutions Ch. 1
Poverty: the access of resources including food, water and shelter have a large impact on someone's life span. Living in poverty affects academic achievements, physical health, as well as mental health. Finding help and getting all the support that can be provided -
How they Apply Ch. 1
How long someone's lifespan is depends on the connection of the biological, psychological and societal systems. A person is built off of the interaction of all three processes. -
Key Milestones Ch. 1
Physical: Biological system: responsible for the physical functioning of the organism and for mental activity
Develop and change throughout life by genetics, maturation, environment stimulation, recourse, nutrition and lifestyle
Emotional: Societal system: fosters/disrupts a person's sense of social integration and social identity
Personalize values, priorities, changing family patterns -
Key Milestones Ch. 1
Cognitive: Psychological systems: metal process central to a person's ability to make meaning of experiences and take action
Quantity of family time, interaction with friends, school, music art travel and reading
Identity: meaning making -
Major Theories Ch. 1
Nature Vs Nurture: nature; genetic predisposition nurture; patterns of socialization and care received
Psychosocial Approach: product of interaction between biological, psychological and societal process -
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Major Theories for Understanding Human Development Ch. 2
Provides an overview of the important concepts and theories that will be covered throughout the textbook. -
Key Milestones Ch. 2
Physical: Modeling: watch someone perform a task or say a new expression and imitate the new behavior accurately on the first try
Emotional: Freud Psychosexual Stages- oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital. All reflect different stages of life with the emphasis placed on the sexual aspect and reason for each.
Cognitive: Freud's Consciousness- Balance and usage of conscious, preconscious and unconscious
Cognition- Process of organizing and making meaning of an experience -
Major Theories Ch. 2
Psychoanalytic Theory: connects the relationship between mental activity to the change of needs, wishes and drives with the role of sexual and aggressive needs
Attachment Theory: evolutionary need for a secure attachment to ensure that a child receives care to survive
Piaget Four Stages of Development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational thought, formal operational thought -
How they Apply Ch. 2
The theories begin at a very early age and follow people through life, making long lasting impacts on how people act, say or think. As people grow and develop, so do these stages and theories. Attachment theory refers to the bond between mother and child. This can also come into play later in life with romantic relationships. -
Challenges/Resolutions Ch. 2
Social role theory impacts the process of socialization and personality development through the personality development through the persons participation in increasingly diverse and complex social roles Finding a balance between your cultures needs and expectations to the other things that impact your life. -
Photo Ch. 2
This image was found in the textbook when understanding assimilation and accommodation. The boy talking to the man is a good example of how these theories really come to life. -
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The Period of Pregnancy and Prenatal Development Ch. 4
First stages off human development in the mother. Covers genetics, fetal development, birthing process, connection between mother and fetus, the way culture impacts pregnancy and childbirth and abortion. -
Key Milestones Ch. 4
Physical: Laboring: involuntary contractions of uterine muscles Effacement: thinking or shortening of cervical canal Dilation: gradual enlargement of the cervix from opening only millimeters wide at a time
Emotional: Genetic Counseling: individuals and couples with family history of genetic disease and worried about transferring to a child
Cognitive: Miscarriage: pregnancy loss occurs on own before 20 weeks, causes anxiety, depression, guilt and anger -
Major Theories Ch. 4
Solicitude versus Shame: pregnant women are given care, interest and help for others -
How They Apply Ch. 4
Connecting all of the major topics covered in chapter four includes the birthing process for mothers. It also covers the genetics behind how a child is created. These ideas and concepts can transfer through the other life spans. -
Challenges/Resolutions Chp. 4
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: healthy babies put to bed and later found dead with no clear expectations
Lead parents to find you can not leave babies unattended while sleeping and or laying down. -
Photo Ch. 4
"The study of genetics reveals the individual is due to the combination of many variations of environments and experiences that confront the growing person" (Chapter 4) -
Case Study Ch. 4: Fathers Recollections about his Daughters Birth
In this case study a father did his best to recall what the day of his daughter's birth was like. He explained it was a bit of hassle having to leave work to sit and watch “paint dry”. He was doing the best he could for his wife. When he was holding her hand and telling her everything is going to be okay is extremely important. The mother is going through so much trying to bring their kid into the world. She needs as much support and motivation she needs for a successful birth. -
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Infancy (First 24 Months) Ch. 5
This chapter covers newborns, important developmental tasks, trust vs mistrust, connection with a care giver, ego quality and the core pathology and the role of parents. -
Key Milestones Ch. 5
Physical: Motor Development: all changes in a child's ability to control and direct movements. Develops as the child grows and gets stronger.
Emotional: Patterns of Attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, resistant attachment and disorganized attachment
Cognitive: Language Perception: capacity to recognize sounds, combinations of words and spoken sentences -
How They Apply Ch. 5
Reflects how babies begin using their bodies to interact with their environment that surrounds them. These six tasks continue to grow and develop as the child gets bigger. -
Major Theories Ch. 5
Piaget and Inhelder Six Phases of Causal Scheming: reflexes, fist habits, circular reaction, coordination of means and ends, experimentation with new means, and insight -
Challenges/Resolutions Ch. 5
Trust Versus Mistrust: in infants, fundamental nature of an infant's sense of connection to the social world
Trust Versus Mistrusts impacts the emotional trust and anxiety that comes with being with certain people. Some babies have no signs of mistrust or worries being with new people. While it is very common for babies to become attached to an adult or caregiver. -
Photo Ch. 5
"Motor skills develop as a result of physical growth and maturation in combination with perceptual information and opportunities to exploration of the environment" (Chapter 5) -
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Toddlerhood (Ages 2-4) Ch. 6
This chapter covers important developmental tasks, autonomy vs shame and doubt, imitation, ego quality and the core pathology, impact of poverty on psychological development and child care. -
Challenges/Resolutions Ch. 6
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: autonomy=being able to behave independently and perform actions on your own shame=intense negative emotion that focuses on negative self evaluation doubt=only comfortable doing structured activities, thinking they will fail
Finding a balance between all of these emotions will create trying new things less intimidating. It is really hard during this time period for kids to understand their big feelings, but it does get easier with support. -
Photo Ch. 6
"Children seem eager to use there bodies in a variety of different ways, and they learn quickly." (Chapter 6) -
Key Milestones Ch. 6
Physical:Locomotor play: large body activity and thought to support physical training of muscles, for strength, endurance, and skill Emotional:Tantrums: build up of frustration and expressed through anger such as hitting, kicking, flailing arms and legs Cognitive:Locomotion: translates ideas into actions and fostering new interactions with social and physical environments Cognitive Development: rapid expansion of problem solving, memory and imaginative play and understand environment -
How They Apply Ch. 6
Both of the theories impact kids in school and how they can learn. Proximal development can help gauge where a child should fit and what will work best for them to learn. Egocentric speech can be seen and heard very clearly. It can show parents and teachers what stage a kid is at. -
Major Theories Ch. 6
Vygotsky Proximal Development: actual level of child's performance and potential level that the child can reach
Piaget Egocentric Speech: talk aloud but not concerned that other people around them can hear what they're saying -
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Early School Age (4-6) Ch. 7
This chapter covers important developmental tasks, initiative vs guilt, identification, ego quality and the core pathology and school readiness. -
Key Milestones Ch. 7
Physical: Group games: more structured oriented games focused on reality rather than pretend play
Emotional: Self concept: child learns understanding of nature of the word to the nature of self and interactions between the two Guilt: emotion associated with an unacceptable thought fantasy or action
Cognitive: Perspective talking: cognitive capacity to consider a situation from the point of view of another person -
Major Theories Ch. 7
Kohlberg: Three Level of Moral Thought: Pre-conventional= individual has not yet adopted the moral principles of their society or culture conventional=an acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong and post conventional=choices based on their own personal beliefs, even if those beliefs are not in accordance with laws or social convention. -
How They Apply Ch. 7
This helps people feel fit in and understand the society they live and function in. Getting all stages are necessary for kids to develop successfully though the moral development stages. -
Challenges/Resolutions Ch. 7
Initiative versus guilt: children begin to discover the world around them, trying to have the same stability, strength and regularity from the outside world that they have discovered for themselves
Balancing guilt, empathy and initiative feelings will cause kids to feel they can take responsibility for their own actions. It also allows them to feel more creative and want to continue exploring the world around them. -
Photo Ch. 7
"When children have word or labels for gender categories they can further understand these categories and appropriate applications" (Chapter 7) -
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Middle Childhood (6-12) Ch. 8
This chapter covers important developmental tasks, industry vs inferiority, education, ego quality and the core pathology and violence in the lives of children. -
Case Study: Ch. 8, Recollections about Childhood Friends
People are sharing stories about their childhood friends. Almost all of their anecdotes were positive stories that impacted your life. One girl had mean friends who would make fun of people, making her stressed. Friendships are important especially for this age group.Those are the people that you spend most of your time with. Some people have bad experiences because they get made fun of and or are with the wrong group of people. This can cause multiple mental health issues. -
Key Milestones Ch. 8
Physical: Physical state: monitoring their body states to make judgments about whether they can do well or not.
Emotional: Relational aggression: gossiping, teasing and or social exclusion (most common in girls).
Cognitive: Concrete operational thought: Piaget: new form of thinking, logical rules on ones judgment Competence: Erikson: prime adaptive ego quality, belief ability t make sense of and master the demands of a situation. -
Major Theories Ch. 8
Piaget: Three Concepts for Conservation: identity: the object is made of the same thing Reversibility: you can change it back to the original form Reciprocity: change shape/ form -
How They Apply Ch. 8
Allows children to fully understand that something can not just disappear, even if it changes. The form, shape and or container all can be different, but it is the same “thing”. This can then be expanded further to mass, shape, and volume learned as they grow older. -
Challenges/Resolutions Ch. 8
Industry versus Inferiority: learns to be productive and to accept evaluation of their efforts or becomes discouraged and feels inferior or incompetent. Industry: eagerness to acquire skills and perform meaningful work. Inferiority: feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy from the self and social environment. Finding a balance between industry and inferiority will allow children to start understanding society. It allows them to have a meaningful role in society with things they are positive at. -
Photo Ch. 8
"Children's abilities to analyze and manage social relationships, including friendships, are liked to their ability to solve other kinds of problems" (Chapter 8)