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Chapter 1
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Psychological System
includes the metal process central to a person's ability to male meaning of experiences and take action -
Biological System
includes all the processes necessary for the physical functioning of the organism and for mental activity -
Life Expectancy
the average number of years a person can expect to live, based on statistical projections for a specific population -
Continuity
stability in characteristics and sense of identity -
Ruth Hamilton
In this case study, the life of Ruth Hamilton is proven to be well lived and it clearly shows the many key points of her life that made it so memorable. It shows how the important systems were shown through her life. It also displayed how she made meaning of her life and made many memories that she was proud of and were happy to look back on. -
Chapter 2
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Psychoanalytical Theory
focuses on the impact of sexual and aggressive drives on the individual's psychological functioning -
ID
includes instincts and impulses/ primary source of psychic energy-- exists from birth -
Ego
the idea of an ego as a person's self. all mental functions that have to do with a person's relation to the environment -
Super-Ego
this includes both he punishing and rewarding function -
Vygotsky's Human Development Theory
the boundaries between the individual and the environment are much less clear than one might infer from most theories -
Chapter 4
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Fertilization (Trimester 1)
The sperm fertilizes the egg and mom becomes pregnant. -
Fertilization
"This large number is necessary to ensure fertilization because most sperm die on the way through the vagina and uterus". (92) -
Grows hair, can suck and swallow(Trimester 2)
During Trimester 2, the baby starts to grow hair on its head, eyebrows, and legs/arms -
Growth
During the second trimester, the average fetus grows to 10 inches and increases in weight to almost 2 pounds" (100) -
Birth
There are 3 stages of labor.- Begins with the mother starting to feel contractions and ends when she is fully dilated (longest stage)
- This stage begins with full dilation and ends with delivery. (you can see the baby through birth canal)
- This stage starts with delivery and ends with expulsion of the placenta.
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Birth
"Birth is initiated by involuntary contractions of the uterine muscles" (102) -
A Father's Recollections of Birth
I thought this case study was very special. It is the perspective of a father to be on the day his wife gave birth. It showcases all of the emotions that go through everyone, the feeling of being a parent, and the end of pregnancy. -
Chapter 5
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The Apgar Scoring Method
This scale checks the important things, like heart rate and weight, at birth to see how a baby is doing and the kind of care they need. -
Kangaroo Care
Skin-to-Skin Contact between mothers or fathers and their infants This has been proven to have benefits for newborns as well as parents (gives sensory stimulation) -
Kangaroo Care
"Preterm babies who receive Kangaroo Care as well as other forms of gentle touching and massage gain weight faster, have improved temperature regulation" (131) -
Post-Partum Depression
PPD is depression that can occur after childbirth. Symptoms can include:
- depressed mood/ severe mood swings
- difficulty bonding
-fear of not being enough
- withdraw from friends/family -
Hearing Development(Infancy)
This provides the earliest link between a newborn and mom. Mom's heartbeat continues to soothe the infant weeks after birth. Newborns prefer their mom's voice over unfamiliar ones. -
Hearing Development (Infancy)
"This sound continues to soothing to the infant in the days and weeks after birth" (136) -
Vision Development (Infancy)
By 4 months old, a baby can follow a gaze and by 9 months they can use head-turning cues to follow directions. Visual activity improves rapidly during the 1st 4 months. -
Vision Development (Infancy)
"gazing provides an early and continuing source of information that guides social interactions and learning about the physical environment" (137) -
Chapter 6
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Jean Piaget's Theory (Language Development)
He described years 2-5/6 as the stage of proportional thought. -
Language Development (Toddlerhood)
During this time, simple babbling evolves into the formation of words and simple sentences, eventually growing into more complex language structures. -
Language Development (Toddlerhood)
"Certain sequences or developmental milestones appear to be quite common among children from many language environments" (189) -
Emotional/Social Development (Toddlerhood)
In this stage, toddlers develop a sense of self-awareness and independence -
Social/Emotional Development (Toddlerhood)
"the second sense in self-control develops involves toddlers' feelings that they can direct their own behavior" (210) -
Exploration and Curiosity (Toddlerhood)
intense curiosity and the desire to explore the environment, leading to significant learning opportunities -
Fantasy Play (Toddlerood)
children get to create characters and situations that are personal and private to them. The things they create in their mind have very personal meaning -
Fantasy Play (Toddlerhood)
"They can express and soothe these feelings in the world of imagination" (199) -
Chapter 7
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Moral Development
a process through which individuals develop proper attitudes and behaviors towards others in society -
Jean Piaget's Theory (Moral Reasoning)
Focuses on the moral reasoning rather than behavior. There are two stages: Heteronomous morality and Autonomous morality. -
Lawrence Kholberg's Theory (Moral Reasoning)
Proposes 3 levels of moral development:
1. Pre-Conventional-- Obedience
2. Conventional-- Conformity
3. Post-Conventional-- Social Contract -
Biological Sex
the physical and psychological characteristics such as chromosomes, hormone levels, and reproductive.sexual anatomy -
Gender Identity
an individual's personal sense of their own gender (may or may not be different than biological sex) -
Developing Empathy (Years 4-6)
During this stage, children start a lot more interaction with other kids. They are encouraged through perspective-taking activities and discussions about feelings and consequences -
Developing Empathy
"Early-school-age children can usually identify the circumstances that may have produced another child's emotional response" (244) -
Process of Moral Reasoning
moral judgments involve evaluating actions/decisions based on learned codes -
Initiative Vs. Guilt
Initiative is an expression of agency and innovation. Guilt is the emotion that accompanies the sense that one has been responsible for an unacceptable thought/action -
Chapter 8
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Logical Thinking (6-12)
the ability to reason, form conclusions, and solve problems based on concrete evidence -
Erikson's Psychological Theory
with the resolution of the psychological crisis of industry versus Inferiority, a young person's fundamental attitude toward work is established -
Piaget's Concrete Operational Reasoning Theory
He believed that children enter the stage of concrete Operational Reasoning through active construction and experimentation at around the age of 6 or 7 (this is not universally true) -
Industry
develop a sense of competence/productivity -
Industry
"Parents and teachers may encourage children to get better grades by giving them material rewards" (304) -
Inferiority
feelings of failure an inadequacy, in comparison to peers -
Inferiority
"individual differences in aptitude, physical development, and prior experience result in experiences of inadequacy in some domain" (305)