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Period: Jan 1, 600 to Dec 31, 1249
Before Early Modern Era
Anything that is before the Early Modern Era -
Period: Jan 1, 1250 to Dec 31, 1449
Early Modern Era
Anything from 1250-1450 -
1420
Plantation Complex
Sugar plantations began on the Madeira Islands and created the idea of cash crops. -
Period: Jan 1, 1450 to
Post-Classical Era
Anything within the Post Classical Era -
1491
Columbia Exchange
Plants, animals, and diseases were exchanged from the Americas to the Europeans and vice versa. Tomatoes, potatoes, cows, horses, and smallpox are examples of stuff exchanged. -
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain got all of the Americas, while Portugal got northeast Brazil and West Africa. This increased Portuguese power by giving it access to better trade routes. -
1497
Vasco de Gama
The first direct contact between East Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and China with Europe due to Vasco de Gama's voyages. Eventually led to cultural diffusion and syncretism. -
1498
Vasco de Gama Meets With Calicut Ruler
Not understanding Hindu temples and its difference from churches, Vasco de Gama brought a gift of minor trade goods. The ruler of Calicut laughed in their face. -
1500
Ottoman with Portugal
Naval battles were fought between the Ottoman Empire and Portugal. This was an attempt to remove the Ottoman Empire from naval superiority in order to increase European superiority in ocean-based trade. This opened up doors for Europe to become part of the cosmopolitan that was the Indian Ocean trade. -
1500
Portugal and Trading Posts
Portugal seized and created coastal trade posts in sub-Saharan Brazil. They also established a colony in Brazil. -
1520
Circumnavigation of the Globe
Ferdinand Mallegan circumnavigated the globe. He started with five ships and 270 sailors. Three years later, only one ship and 18 sailors were left. Magellan was killed on an island in the Philippines. -
1521
Hernan Cortes Sacking Tenochtitlán
Hernan Cortes took over Tenochtitlan and dismantled Aztecian monuments, which allowed for the Spaniards to force people to convert to Catholicism. The sons of Aztec royalties were kidnapped and taught Catholic doctrine. Jesus and Virgin Mary were syncretized with indigenous gods. People converted either to save their lives, save themselves from disease (philosophically), or seek protection against the cruel conquistadors. -
1526
Transatlantic Slave Trade
Slaves were captured from Africa to America. They worked from sunup to sundown in awful conditioned. They were considered property. They had to be Christian. They couldn't marry. They couldn't leave without permission. They suffered from disease and death rate increased due to horrible conditions. They were often sold by African elites to Europeans. They were taken to prison-like castles before getting on ships, where they were given beans and water. When they arrived, they were sold. -
1526
Mughal Empire
Sultan Babur created the Mughal Empire after defeating the Lodi Sultan -
1531
Creation of Basilica de Neustra Señora de Guadalupe
Juan Diego had a religious experience on the Hill of Tepeyac and believed the Virigin Mary spoke to him in Nahuatl. The Catholic clergy loved this and made a shrine and church to "the Virgin of Guadalupe" -
1532
Conquest of the Inca Empire
Resulted in the Viceroyalty of Peru, with a capital of Lima. They had urban planning guidelines and celebrated both royal events and Christian holidays, along with Day of the Dead. They became quite a cool civilized society. -
1535
Spanish Hapsburg Kingdom
Spain controlled Mexico, Central America, the coast of Venezuela, Spanish Caribbean, the Philippines, Northern territories of the United States, and the southern border of Alaska. -
1542
The Great Dying
Due to the Columbian Exchange, smallpox and other diseases such as measles and typhoid fever were spread to Native Americans who had little to no resistance against the disease. Therefore, the population of Native Americans went from 25-30 million to 1-3 million. The lack of people allowed for reforestation and a need for labor in silver mines and sugarcane plantations, creating a "need" for the Transatlantic Slave Trade. -
1548
Salvador Creation
Portugal created an administration in Salvador, where sugar, slavery, and mining dominated the economy. -
1569
Mercator Projection
The modern Mercator map was created during the era of European exploration, allowing for a distorted view of the world. The believed superiority of Europe made Europe bigger on the map and Africa smaller on the map -
1570
Spain and the Silver Trade
By this point, Spain had successfully pioneered routes that sent silver to China and India via the Philippines, which drove the global market for the next two centuries -
1573
Sumptuary Laws in Spain
A law was outlined to maintains social hierarchy that married Spaniards must bring their wives to the colonies or return to Spain. -
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire controlled the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, the Andes, the Philippines, North Africa, the Mediterranean, and eastern Canada. -
Joseon Resistance
Korea and the Ming Dynasty were buddies. When the Ming Dynasty was overtaken by the Qing Dynasty. Despite trying to be neutral, the king was overthrown and they stayed faithful to the Ming Dynasty. -
Diasporic Communities
Malay, Omani, Swahili, Chinese, Jewish, and especially Armenian merchants established diasporic communities, which made them ideal for communication and trade. They crossed borders, they spoke multiple different languages, and helped diversify the Indian Ocean. They dominated the spice trade. -
Europe Against Spain
The Netherlands, France, and England competed with Spanish and Portugal influence. The Dutch was especially good at overseas commerce and finance. -
Amsterdam Stock Exchange
The first joint stock company that allowed the Netherlands to take more risks with exploration without much loss, since it allowed for people to invest a little in businesses and diversify their portfolio -
Dutch East India Company & British East India Company
Other joint stock companies that played a major role in operations and trade for centuries. They acted as independent states, with armies, moneymaking abilities, diplomatic abilities, and war abilities. -
Protestant Flee
During the Protestant Reformation, many Puritans fled to the Americas to escape strict religious conformity. -
Qing Dynasty
Potatoes from America allowed the Qing Dynasty to triple in size. There was a strong centralized government, and kept Ming political systems. They kept civil service system of the Ming. They celebrated diversity within government and used a banner system for the military. Membership, land, and income was inherited. Farming was encouraged by the government and had a very commercialized economy. -
Maroon Societies
Enslaved people often an away, denying slavers their labor. They lived inc communities in the mountains called palenques, macambos, or quilombos. Some of them had foreign relation policies with other countries. They led riots and revolts against plantations. They freed enslaved people, poisoned slavers, and burned plantations. -
England and France Colonies
England France established colonies in North American and the Caribbean -
The Fronde
Anne of Austria, King Louis XIV regent tried to reduce the power or regional lords. They sold government positions to the highest bidders in order to pay for wars. -
Pueblo Revolt
Native Americans were mad about the Spanish trying to encroach on their land. They recruited neighboring communities and revolted against the Spanish. It succeeded for 12 years. -
Armenian Nation and British East Indian Company Trade Agreement
The "Armenian Nation" signed with the British East Indian Company. This allowed the British East India Company to have a monopoly on where Armenian merchants got to sell from and who they negotiated with. This helped limit prejudice against Europe within the Indian Ocean Trade. They signed with a network. -
Mughal Territorial Growth
There was no more land to conquer -
Foreign Tax Farmers
Europe outsourced tax collection in order to increase reliability within the Indian Ocean Trade. They were often Persian and Chinese. They were the most powerful people in a state or territory. When Bengal was conquered by the East Indian Company, they forced the rule to name the East India Company as the official tax collector. -
New Orleans
New Orleans was a mix of cultures, languages, and religions despite the Casta system. This was a classification of races and religions that was very fluid and allowed for people to pretend they were one thing while being another. This increased diversity and changed power throughout New Orleans. -
Indentured Servitude
There was a decrease of indentured servitude in migrants, so more of the slavery was forced rather than voluntary. -
Britain Slave Trade Abolished
Britain abolished the slave trade