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476
Fall of Rome
Start of medieval era
There were slow changes in life, culture, and dissemination of knowledge -
Period: 991 to 1033
Guido d'Arezzo
Credited with inventing the musical staff
He suggested using a red line for F and a yellow line for C -
Period: 1098 to 1179
Hildegard von Bingen
Founded and was the abbess of the convent at Rupertsberg, Germany
Famous for her prophetic powers and revelations
Wrote liturgical dramas and religious poetry
Was the first female composer in contemporary musicology to receive extensive scholarly research
Began to compose liturgical poetry and music in the 1140s
Collected and illuminated the manuscripts of her many works to use in the convent
Style was more elaborate than the older Gregorian style
Poet, composer, teacher, and author -
1299
Development of the Compass
Made voyages of discovery possible -
1346
Introduction of Gunpowder in Europe
Signaled the end of the ageof knighthood -
Period: 1386 to 1466
Donatello
Italian artist -
Period: 1390 to 1453
John Dunstable
English
Influenced musical style in Europe
Used a lot of 3rds and 6ths in harmonies, which resulted in what we now think of as triadic music
His works were found in Italian and German manuscripts
About 50 of his compositions are extant and it's likely he composed more
complete works were not published until 1953
"Puisque M’Amour" was attributed to Dunstable in 2 separate sources and was a rondeau for 3 voices
It's been difficult for musicologists to date his pieces -
Period: 1397 to 1474
Guillaume Dufay
1st renaissance composer -
Period: 1400 to 1495
Realism
Art reflected in painting
Involved a lot of technique for the artwork to look realistic -
Period: 1420 to 1497
Johannes Ockeghem
Renaissance composer
Respected and prolific
Low bass -
Period: 1435 to 1511
Johannes Tinctoris
Composer and music theorist who wrote about contemporary music
He wrote the first dictionary of musical terms, "Diffinitorum musices" in 1475 -
Period: 1444 to 1510
Sandro Botticelli
Italian artist
Painted "The Birth of Venus" -
Period: 1450 to 1521
Josquin des Prez
Renaissance composer
Most revered especially by Martin Luther
Although from Northern France, he served in Italian courts
Worked at Notre Dame as the provost
Sang in the Sistine Chapel choir in Rome
Music was so emotion-filled and popular (often others tried to plagiarize)
Wrote over 100 motets, 17 masses, many French chansons, and Italian secular songs are extant
His music might have been sung by soloists, although choirs were being used for polyphony in motets and masses
Known for his chansons -
Period: 1450 to 1517
Heinrich Isaac
Prolific renaissance composer from Germany -
Period: 1452 to 1519
Leonardo de Vinci
Painter
Some notable works are "The Mona Lisa," “The Annunciation,” and "The Last Supper" -
Period: 1466 to 1536
Erasmus
Renaissance master
Dutch scholar-philosopher -
Period: 1466 to 1539
Ottaviano Petrucci
Important early music publisher
Published 11 volumes of Frottola -
Period: 1475 to 1564
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Italian artist
Sculpted “Pieta” -
1480
Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum, virgo serena
Music by Josquin des Prez who thought a lot about motives and imitation
Means "Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you, gentle Virgin”
Latin motet for 4 voices
Imitative polyphony, homorhythmic, and polyphonic textures
The opening motive was derived from the chant melody
Had vocal polyphony a cappella, which began an era of choral polyphony that characterized the Renaissance style -
Period: 1483 to 1546
Martin Luther
Renaissance master
German religious reformer
Augustinian monk -
Period: 1483 to 1520
Raphael
Italian artist
Painted “Madonna della Tenda” -
Period: 1488 to 1576
Tiziano Vecellio
Italian artist
Painted "The Three Ages of Man" -
Period: 1490 to 1562
Adrian Willaert
Renaissance composer
Father of text expression -
Period: 1500 to 1539
Frottola
Renaissance music genre
Secular music
"pop" music of the early 16th century
Italian, usually solo-4-voices, light-hearted, and homorhythmic
For solo singers
Poems in Italian -
Period: 1505 to
Thomas Tallis
English composer who was very important
Wrote a 40-voice part motet "Spem in alium" -
Period: 1505 to 1568
Jacques Arcadelt
Italian Madrigal composer -
Period: 1507 to 1568
Jacques Arcadelt
One of the earliest Italian madrigal composers
Worked in Italian and French courts
Composed over 250 madrigals, 125 French chansons, and sacred music -
1510
Pange lingua Mass
Piece by Josquin Des Prez
Kyrie and Gloria -
Period: 1516 to 1565
Cipriano de Rore
Italian Madrigal composer -
1517
Lutheran Liturgy Emerges
Martin Luther began the Protestant movement known as the Reformation which caused the Catholic church to excommunicate him. However, Lutheranism grew in popularity in the Northern German cities and new music was written for these services, but the Southern German cities, France, and Italy continued their Catholic traditions -
Period: 1521 to
Philipp de Monte
Renaissance composer who was most prolific
Italian Madrigal composer
Composed the most madrigals (1,073) -
Period: 1525 to
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Most famous Renaissance composer
Received most of his fame posthumously
The church wanted everything homorhythmic, but Palestrina continued using polyphony, which showed that he could make any texture understood. He rose to the challenges of the Council of Trent and saved polyphony.
Wrote over 104 masses
Style of counterpoint is still used as a teaching tool
Italian Madrigal composer -
Period: 1528 to
Paolo Veronese
Italian artist
Painted “The Allegory of Wisdom and Strength” -
Period: 1530 to
Madrigals
Renaissance music genre
Secular music
Italian Madrigal
English Madrigal: use of nonsense syllables and was last to develop -
Period: 1530 to
Italian Madrigal
More serious poetry and music
Originated in Florence around 1530 as a form of aristocratic entertainment
Used one voice on each part (5 solo voices became the norm around 1550:)
Became the experimental genre for the Baroque style
Aristocratic poetry
Sometimes instruments would play a voice part
Spread to England
Instruments participated but were notated rarely
First madrigals were homorhythmic and 4 solo voices, which was similar to a frottola -
Period: 1532 to
Orlando di Lasso
Renaissance composer
Important along with Josquin and Palestrina
Italian Madrigal composer -
Period: 1543 to
William Byrd
Renaissance composer
Important RomanCatholic English composer who worked and lived in Protestant England
Was harassed because of his faith but put up with it
The talent he had provided protection from serious persecution
Wrote several anthems (English and Protestant compositions)
Wrote 3 extant masses and lots of Protestant music
Composed very important keyboard music -
Period: 1545 to 1563
Council of Trent
Set new guidelines for music and musicians -
Period: 1548 to
Tomás Luis de Victoria
Renaissance composer
Carried on Palestrina’s style when he worked in Spain -
Period: 1557 to
Giovanni Gabrieli
Leading composer of instrumental ensemble music and polychoral works in the late Renaissance
Was 1st to indicate the actual instruments that he wanted in the score
Sometimes indicate dynamics
His instrumental music was for ensembles
Composed over 100 motets, (most were polychoral), and other instrumental works -
Period: 1557 to
Thomas Morley
English Madrigal composer -
1562
Pope Marcellus Mass
Met the religious goalscalled for in the reform
Published in 1567
Supposedly written to satisfy the Council of Trent
Had 6 a cappella voices
Polyphonic and homorhythmic
Music by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina -
Period: 1564 to
William Shakespeare
English playwright
Some notable works were "Romeo and Juliet," "Macbeth," "Hamlet," and "Taming of the Shrew" -
Period: 1564 to
Gaileo
Renaissance master
Scientist -
Period: 1567 to
Claudio Monteverdi
Went from composing Baroque music to theRenaissance style
Wrote 9 books of madrigals
Composed several operas during the Baroque era -
Period: 1570 to
John Farmer
English Madrigal composer and organist
Known for clever word painting
Was active in Dublin and London -
Period: 1575 to
Thomas Weelkes
English Madrigal composer -
Canzona septimi toni
Music by Giovanni Gabrieli from his large collection called Sacred Symphonies
2 choirs of instruments
-Each in 4 parts
-8 musical lines interacting with each other in polyphony
-Sometimes creating homorhythm
“Cori spezzati” (split choirs): practice of breaking up a choir into more parts for more musical lines -
Fair Phyllis
Music by John Farmer
Had 4 solo voices
Used word painting