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Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, were assassinated on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist from the group called the Black Hand. The assassination was caused by growing tensions over Austria-Hungary's control of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the event directly triggered the start of World War I by activating a complex system of alliances between European powers.
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The Second Battle of Ypres, fought from April 22 to May 25, 1915, was a major battle on the Western Front that saw the first large-scale use of poison gas by Germany. This battle marked a turning point in modern warfare, introducing chemical weapons, which had a devastating effect on Allied troops, especially French and Algerian divisions who were first hit by a chlorine gas attack.
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The British ocean liner Lusitania was sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people out of 1,959 on board, including 128 Americans.
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The Battle of Jutland, fought on May 31-June 1, 1916, was the largest naval battle of World War I between the British and German fleets. Despite higher British casualties (around 6,700-6,900) and the loss of more ships (14 British vs. 11 German), the battle is often debated as a victory for Germany because its fleet successfully escaped the engagement, broke the British blockade, and forced the British to return to port to repair their ships.
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The Battle of the Somme (July–November 1916) was a WWI battle where Allied forces, primarily British and French, attacked German lines in northern France. The first day, July 1, 1916, was the bloodiest day in British military history, with over 57,000 casualties, including nearly 20,000 killed, as the initial assault was mowed down by machine-gun fire
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The Zimmermann telegram, intercepted and decoded by British intelligence in early 1917, was a German proposal for a military alliance with Mexico against the United States during World War I.
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In World War I, the US declared war on April 6, 1917, in response to Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram. In World War II, the US declared war on Germany on December 11, 1941, hours after Germany declared war on the US following the attack on Pearl Harbor.
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Designed as guidelines for the rebuilding of the postwar world, the points included Wilson's ideas regarding nations' conduct of foreign policy, including freedom of the seas and free trade and the concept of national self-determination, with the achievement of this through the dismantling of European empires
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), ending Russia's participation in World War I.
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The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, to officially end World War I. Key facts include its establishment of the League of Nations, Germany being forced to accept blame for the war with the "war guilt clause" (Article 231), the imposition of significant financial reparations, and severe military restrictions on Germany, such as limiting its army to 100,000 men and forbidding it to have an air force. The treaty was signed in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.
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Tsar Nicholas II was executed, along with his wife and five children, by Bolshevik revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on July 16–17, 1918. The family was shot and stabbed to death after being moved to the city by the Bolshevik government, and several members of their entourage were also killed. Their bodies were then hidden, but were discovered in a mass grave in 1979, with the final identification of all remains completed in 2007.
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The Armistice that ended World War I was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne, France, at 5 a.m. on November 11, 1918, and took effect at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.